APES: Human Population Definitions

Growth Rate

net % of the growth or decline of the population

Infant Mortality Rate

# of babies that die before their first bday

Disparity

unequal/unjust/unfair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits among different population groups

Affluence

relating to development
- more money = more resources used

Prediction / Projection

statement that states what’s happen in the future based on current trends / estimate of future conditions based on various scenarios or assumptions

Dependency Ratio

how many non-working dependents (0-14, 65+) rely on 100 working-age (15-64) people

Demography

statistical study of human populations, (size, density, distribution, changes) over time

Developed / Developing

Countries are classified by economic and social development to analyze environmental impacts
Devd: high income, industrialization, and low population growth
Dev: lower incomes, higher fertility rates, rapid resource depletion

Crude Birth Rate

total # of live births per 1,000 indiv. in pop. in given year

Immigration

movement of people into a pop. or geographic area

Crude Death Rate

total # of live deaths per 1,000 indiv. in pop. in given year

Emigration

movement of people out of a pop. or geographic area

Total Fertility Rate

average # of children a woman is expected to have during childbearing years (15–49) in a specific pop.

Demographic Transition

describes how a population moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from pre-industrial to industrialized economic systems

• determined by: population growth, resource use, and sustainability

Epidemiological Transition

the shift in population disease patterns from high mortality due to infectious diseases (pestilence) to lower mortality dominated by chronic, lifestyle-related diseases (degenerative) as a country develops

• advanced by industrialization, improved sanitation, nutrition, and medical advancements.

Fertility Transition

the shift from high to low birth rates as a country develops economically, moving from pre-industrial to industrialized status

Replacement-Level Fertility

TFR required for a population to exactly replace itself across generations without migration

J-Curve

exponential, unchecked population growth

• environment w abundant resources, no limiting factors, experiences die-off at K

Baby Boom

major demographic surge post-WW2 (increased BR)

• altered pop. structures, ^ resource consumption, drove suburban expansion

Age Structure Diagram (population profile/pyramid)

representing the distribution of human population cohorts by age and gender, used to predict future population growth

Family Planning

educational, medical, and social services that empower individuals to control the number and spacing of their children

• key strat in reducing TFR, sowing pop. growth, lower resource demands

Doubling Time

aka Rule of 70
the time it takes in years for a population to double

Birth Control

methods used to manage reproduction (contraceptive), distribution, family size.

Population Dynamics

the study of how and why population sizes, densities, and structures change over time

• influences: BR/DR, immigration/emigration

Logistic Growth Curve (s/sigmoidal curve)

population growth that starts exponentially but slows and stabilizes at the environment’s K due to limited resources, competition, and environmental resistance

City Planning

the strategic, sustainable design of urban spaces to manage growth while minimizing environmental impact

Tragedy of the Commons

how shared, unregulated resources are overexploited and depleted when individuals act in their own short-term self-interest rather than for the common good

How many people live in the world today?

8.3 billion

How many people live in extreme poverty?

700-830 million

What’s the current rate of world population growth?

0.85%

What is the demographic constant used to calculate population doubling time?

70/r

What percent of the world’s wealth is controlled by developed and developing countries, respectively?

~70% and ~30%

What proportion of the human population lives in developing countries?

80-85%