Civ final

printing press - who? when? effect?

Gutenberg. 1455. cheaper books, spread ideas, created common language, increased literacy.

Luthers beliefs

salvation by faith alone, bible is the ultimate authority, objected to indulgences, priesthood of all believers

significance of Luther's 95 Theses

It was his first act of defiance to the church and it began the Protestant Reformation.

Diet of Worms: who was involved? outcome?

Important holy roman empire officials and Emperor Charles V. Martin Luther was made an outlaw (1521)

Calvins beliefs

predestination (god decides before birth whether one is sinful or saved), theocracy (priests rule govt), "sinless societies" were neseccary

Why did England leave the Catholic Church?

King Henry VIII wanted to annual his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could get a new wife that could give him heirs.

How did the Catholic Church attempt to undermine the Protestant Reformation?

by going through a catholic counter-reformation with the council of trent, jesuits, and the index of forbidden books

Council of Trent - what? outcome (8)?

meeting of catholic leaders to rule on doctrines questioned by reformers. 1 no selling indulgences 2 no selling church offices 3 no giving family members church offices 4 reinforced celibacy of clergy 5 reinforced validity of seven sacraments 6 faith AND good works needed for heaven 7 eucharist IS Jesus 8 reinforced authority of Pope & church officials

Jesuits

Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola to educate, defend, and convert

Edict of Nantes

statement by king Henry IV that ended the french religious wars, created stability, and granted some religious tolerance for huguenots (1598)

Treaty of Westphalia

ended the Thirty Years War in 1648 and let individual rulers in the HRE to choose either Protestant or Catholic

Thirty Years War - cause? effect (4)?

religious and political tensions in the HRE and the defenestration of prague. 1 France became Europe's main power 2 Hapsburgs lost power 3 Holy Roman Empire destroyed 4 Religious tolerance for leadership

capitalism - 16th c definition? effect on dutch?

an economic system based on the idea, wealth is created, not set (private property, free enterprise, invest money for profit). the netherlands became a trading, economic, and financial hub with lots of power, good living standards, and no to little colonies

mercantalism - 16th c definition? effect on spanish?

an economic system based on the idea the amount of wealth is set, so a nation must seek to gain it all. the spanish colonized and took over lots of land.

how did queen elizabeth fix englands economic and religious problems?

religion; compromise as anglican protestant but had some catholic traditions and the book of common prayer. economic; established a Joint Stock Company and hired privateers to steal from spanish ships

How did Philip II of Spain challenge Elizabeth and the British?

He tried to overthrow her, first with Mary Queen of Scots then with the Spanish Armada to catholicize england

How did Charles I upset parliament and the pruitans?

He had lots of Catholic tendencies and doctrine. When they objected to him, he closed parliament in 1628 and further tried to arrest 5 MP's

Who is Oliver Cromwell and who does he lead?

Leader of the anti-royal Roundheads during the English Civil War, took over as a brutal military dictator when Charles I was executed.

What happened to Charles I?

He lost and was beheaded in execution.

What did James II do to upset Parliament?

Believed in the Divine Right of Kings and Catholicism. Possibility of purely Catholic monarch/dynasty

What was the Glorious Revolution?

the bloodless overthrow of king James II and his replacement by William and Mary

What was guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights (5)?

1 free elections for parliament members 2 no excessive bail or cruel punishments 3 parliament must meet frequently 4 freedom of speech in parliament 5 parliament must approve kings financial, legal, and army related actions

absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power

Why was Versailles important to Louis XIV?

Symbol of absolute monarchy and became political and administrative capital of the kingdom. Would house lords and monarchs in order to receive favoritism and maintain loyalty

Peter the Great accomplishments

Westernized Russian society, govt, education, military, etc. and conquered new lands including a port and built St. petersburg

What was challenged during the Scientific Revolution?

The scientific ideas of the Catholic Church and Middle Ages

What discoveries were made in the Scientific Revolution?

The earth orbits the sun, the laws of motion, mostly accurate human anatomy, the milky way, etc.

How did the Scientific Revolution impact society?

The catholic church power was lessened, the scientists, philosophers, etc. all came into contact, and later caused the enlightenment

Nicolaus Copernicus

Astronomer who proposed the heliocentric system

Johannes Kepler

Astronomer who created the laws of planetary motion

Galileo

First to study space with a telescope. Discovered the Milky Way and the laws of motion

John Locke

English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and believed in the natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority (absolute monarchy)

Voltaire

Advocated for freedom of speech and freedom of religion. His works embodied the enlightenment

Montesquieu

advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Rousseau

believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, therefore direct democracy was the best govt

Denis Diderot

wrote the encyclopedia

Rene Descartes

Father of modern philosophy and rationalism. "I think, therefore I am"

Adam Smith

Father of modern capitalism. wrote the wealth of nations

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

What were salons?

informal gatherings at which writers, scientists, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged enlightenment ideas.

the enlightenment - important ideas? effects?

absolutism is bad, democracy, individual rights, reason based logic, etc. these ideas are still important in society and these led into the french revolution

What are the stages of a revolution (4)? (french revolution)

1 Plantation of ideas 2 moderate constitution 3 Radical Stage (1793-1794) (revolutionaries self destruct) 4 resolution in dictator

How was the French Revolution inspired by the Enlightenment?

The enlightenment ideas of democracy, radical change to society and government structure, individual freedoms, etc. all were the foundation of the french revolutionary ideas.

French revolution causes - long term? immediate?

weak king, hated queen, the enlightenment, structure of french society (three estates, old regime), american revolution, absolutism. financial crisis and the resulting famine.

How did the revolutionaries attempt to destroy the power of the Old Regime?

They formed a democracy after protests and revolutions from the representatives at the estates general down to the peasant women. Bringing power to the people, de-chirtainisation, making the 1st and 2nd estate pay taxes, and using Terror and Violence when felt "necessary"

How did the French Revolution betray its original goal?

The original goal was equality and a republic without a monarch. Instead it had military dictatorship, the abusing and terrorizing of the people, and ended with an emperor, then finally the Bourbon monarchy.

Why is the French Revolution and Napoleon significant to Western history (5)?

1 consolidated the french territorial gains 2 changed legal systems 3 spread revolutionary ideas 4 changed the map of europe 5 stimulated the growth of nationalism

How and why did Napoleon come to power?

Directory was ineffective, violent, and corrupt; Napoleon was popular general who had won victories for France & restore order; coup d'etat put him in power

What led to Napoleon's downfall?

The continental system and failed russian invasion weakened napoleon's empire and left them vulnerable.

How does Europe restore the balance of power post-Napoleon?

The Congress of Vienna gave power back to conservative monarchs who were in agreement to work together militarily to ensure not one got too much power.

What was the enclosure movement?

forced peasant farmers off their land, making them move to cities to get jobs. this created a large work force and urban pop, allowing for the industrial revolution

What was the agricultural revolution?

machines and improved technology replaced manual labor and traditional methods in farming. this created more inventions and more available workers, allowing for the industrial revolution

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? Why did it start there?

In England because they were more stable and had all the necessary conditions for industrialization to begin.

What were the positive impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

formation of unions, creation of labor laws, reformation in government, creation of new classes.

How did cities change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

they became larger as urbanization was fueled by industrialization

What class tensions arose because of the Industrial Revolution?

the working class grew to hate the other classes for their abuse of them. The bourgeoisie evolved to be the factory owners who were the oppressors of the working class

Communism (19th century)

created by Marx and Engles, advocating class war leading to a classless society with all public property and uses a dictatorship to reach utopia. a result of industrial revolution class tensions

Socialism (19th century)

The government provides and owns services to help society. This meant public school, child labor laws, minimum wage, labor safety laws/standards, unions, police, building codes, etc.

19th century impeiralsim - reasons? negative effects?

to gain control of raw materials and markets for profit during the industrial revolution, as well as, social darwinism. scramble for africa, slavery, colonialisation, etc. were all effects.

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state putting the practical over the ethical

How did Otto von Bismarck use realpolitik to unify Germany?

He felt the casualties and destruction of war were less important then the unity it creates. hence the seven weeks war, fracno-prussian war, etc. all took place to unify germany.

How did Italy unify in the 19th Century?

Mazzini fostered the ever growing italian nationalism across the peninsula, while Garibaldi's conquests united many kingdoms, and Cavour used these conquests to form the italian state and govt under King Victor Emmanuel

How did the 19th Century pave the way for World War I?

It upset the balance of power and created the alliances and nationalism that helped spark world war 1

causes of world war 1

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Industrialization, and Assassination.

Schlieffen Plan

A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts involved a quick invasion of France then having only an eastern front

new weapons of WW1 - what? effect?

Machine guns, tanks, airplanes, posion gas, submarines, barbed wire. Mass killing, sneak attacks, mass production of weapons, new tactics, air and naval fighting advancements

How was unrestricted submarine warfare used in WWI?

The German's used it to try and hurt the allied powers but ended up later brirnging us into war

Zimmerman Telegram

Message from Germany, encouraging Mexico to go to war with US to distract them for German sub warfare. Germany promised Mexico, US land. Brought US into WW1

What happened to Russia during WWI? How did WWI trigger the Russian Revolution?

There were a lot of food and fuel shortages from war. The people grew angry because of the shortages, all the death, and the govt incompitance revealed by war.

March Revolution

Mar. 1917 overthrow of Czar Nicholas and the establishment of Provisional Government (Duma)

Kerensky

Russian revolutionary who was head of state after the Czar's overthrow. continued fighting ww1, which was his mistake

November Revolution

Nov. 1917 overthrow of Kerensky and provisional government and establishment of USSR and communision with Lenin and the Bolsheviks in power

Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the November Revolution and first head of the USSR

Russian Revolution results

communist government created. USSR formed. USSR left WW1.

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; reduction of arms; self determination; league of nations

How is Wilson different from George and Clemenceau?

He was an idealist and didn't believe germany was the only one at fault

What was the Treaty of Versailles? How did it lead to WW2?

The treaty after ww1 that forced germany to take all the blame, reduce their military, pay 56 billion in reparations, give up colonies and 13% of country land. this greatly damaged germany making them angry and desperate, so when hitler came around, they liked him

Flaws of Weimar Republic (german govt between end of ww1 and nazi's coming to power) (3)

1 Too many political parties 2 Too much presidential power 3 hyperinflation

German Great Depression

lots of unemployment, poverty, starvation, and anger culminating the rise of Facism

Communism vs. Fascism

Both usually have totalitarian dictators, censorship and secret police. Goal of communism is to force equality onto population. Goal of Fascism is to force inequality onto population.

Three Fascist countries

Germany, Italy (Mussolini), Japan (spain also was)

Why was Fascism so attractive? What did it promise and how? What were its flaws?

People felt strong, powerful, proud, and unique. It promised to solve all the societal problems (ex great depression) and societal revival. Flaws; violent and hateful

How did Hitler come to power?

During the depression he appealed to people with promises to get them work, stop communism, and egged on hatred for the treaty of versailles. In 1932 the Nazis became the largest party then Hitler was elected chancellor. His book Mein Kampf and violence from his Brown Shirts helped his rise to power.

What is Lebensraum? And in relation to german invasions?

Living space through expansion. This is why they invaded the sudetenland, poland, austria, etc.

How did the League of Nations fail to respond to Nazi Germany?

They went with appeasement to avoid aggression and war. As a result, their lenience allowed Germany a head start and is why WW2 was able to happen

Appeasement of Germany

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. (Ex. Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler (Ex. Munich Conference with the sudetenland))

Non-Aggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

When and why did WWII start in Europe?

The German attack on Poland on September 1, 1939.

What was blitzkrieg and how was it used?

"lighting war"; a quick invasion to take the enemy by surprise. used on Poland in 1939

Axis Powers WW2

Germany, Italy, Japan

Allied Powers WW2

Britain, France, Soviet Union, US

Central Powers WW1

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers WW1

Britain, France, Russia, US, Italy

Main WW2 leaders

Churchill, FDR, Stalin

Main WW1 leaders

Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Wilson

Battles of Verdun and the Somme

Early battles of WW1 along the Western Front that had huge loss of life with little territorial gain.

Battle of Gallipoli

Battle in the turkish Black sea strait to secure a sea route to russia to resuply them. The allies failed and the russian went without supplies.

Battle of Britain

Battle of British and German air forces fought over Britain during 1940-1941