Identification I

Identification

The determination of the individuality of a person based on certain physical characteristics

Complete (absolute)

Absolute fixation of the individuality of a person

Partial (incomplete)

Ascertainment of only some facts (e.g

Corpus delicti

The principle that it must be proven that a crime has actually occurred before a person can be convicted of committing the crime

Cephalic Index

Index of breadth or cranial index

Sex

It is the biological term denoting the genetic, physiologic and anatomical characteristics of an individual, based on which we can identify ourselves into ‘males and ‘females

Gender

Sociological construct that denotes how an individual identifies according to social norms

Intersex

Intermingling of sexual characters of either sex in one individual to a varying degree including the physical form, reproductive organs and sexual behavior

Most certain evidence of sex

Possession of ovaries in females, and testes in males

Highly probable evidence of sex

Possession of sexual structures, e.g

Presumptive evidence of sex

Outward appearance of individual features, contours of face, clothes, voice and figure

Identification in living

Sex is important in any chain of identity data and determination of the individuality of a person

Participation in sports

Sex segregation in sports is based on the long-term endogenous androgen exposure of men at puberty that lead to the physiological gap with women

Intersex

They may have features resembling one sex and the internal gonads could be of other sex or of both sexes (true hermaphrodite)

Transvestism

Individuals who cross dresses for sexual gratification

Transgender

It is denoting or relating to an individual whose self-identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender

Transsexuals

Individuals who have undergone sex change surgeries or sex reassignment

Concealed sex

Individuals who hide their real sex for a motive by cross dressing

Physical morphology

External examination is done to determine the sex

Nuclear sexing or sex chromatin or microscopic test

Buccal epithelial cells or hair follicle cells are examined microscopically to detect the presence of ‘Barr body

Gonadal biopsy

Detection of ‘internal gonads and sex chromosomes

Gene-based test

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to detect SRY gene and/or the DYZ1 region of Y chromosome which is diagnostic

Assay of testosterone levels

It also helps in differentiating the sex of an individual

Nuclear Sexing

It is a method of sexing cells which may help in determining sex in doubtful cases, decomposed and mutilated bodies and fragmentary remains

Barr body (sex chromatin)

It is the condensed, inactive, single X-chromosome found in the nuclei of somatic cells of most females and whose presence is the basis of sex determination tests that are performed

Davidson body

In females, neutrophil leucocytes contain a small nuclear attachment of drumstick form

Quinacrine dihydrochloride

Used for staining Y-chromosome that is seen as bright fluorescent body

Fluorescent Feulgen reaction

Using Acriflavin Schiff reagent is used for staining X-chromosome that is seen as bright yellow spot in nuclei

Ovotesticular DSD (true hermaphroditism)

It is a rare condition; also known as double-sex or bisexual

Gonadal dysgenesis

It refers to a defect in gonad formation that is characterized by a progressive loss of primordial germ cells in the developing gonads of an embryo with consequent formation of hypoplastic and dysfunctioning gonads composed mainly of fibrous tissue-streak gonads

Klinefelter syndrome

It is the most common sex chromosome disorder associated with male hypogonadism, most common presentation being 47XXY karyotype

Turner syndrome

It is the most common sex chromosome disorder associated with female hypogonadism with 45XO karyotype

Swyer syndrome

The individuals with pure gonadal dysplasia and a 46XY karyotype will display variable degrees of undermasculinization, dependent upon the amount of testicular dysplasia

Mosaicism

It is a genetic abnormality with mixture of cells with XX and XY, or X and XY sex chromosomes

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis

It is a partial gonadal dysgenesis variant of Y chromosome mosaicism with 45XO/46XY karyotype, unilateral testis, a contralateral streak gonad, persistent müllerian ductal structures ipsilateral with the streak gonad, and varying levels of external genitalia undervirilization

Androgen receptor deficiency

Androgen insensitivity is caused by receptors that are insensitive to androgens, particularly testosterone

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (cAIS)

An X-linked recessive condition resulting in failure of normal masculinization of the external genitalia in genetically male (XY) individual

Incomplete androgen insensitivity

The phenotype of individuals with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome may range from mildly virilized female external genitalia to mildly undervirilized male external genitalia with gynecomastia

5-a reductase deficiency (5-ARD)

This is an autosomal recessive sex-limited condition resulting in the inability to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

It is a condition wherein adrenal glands produce excessive amounts of testosterone in females

Marfan syndrome

An inherited connective-tissue disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait

Down syndrome

The most common chromosomal disorder and the most common cause of intellectual disability that result from having an extra copy of chromosome 21

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome

It is a congenital malformation characterized by müllerian duct agenesis

Kallmann syndrome

A rare hormonal condition of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

Noonan syndrome

It was thought to be a form of Turner syndrome, but patients with this syndrome have normal karyotype

Sheehan syndrome

It occurs due to necrosis of the pituitary gland with associated hypopituitarism resulting from postpartum hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock

Virilizing ovarian tumor

A rare cause of hyperandrogenism in women, and account for < 5% of all ovarian neoplasms

Ovarian dysgenesis

A rare type of female hypogonadism in which no functional ovaries are present to induce puberty in an otherwise normal girl whose karyotype is found to be 46XX

Dentigerous cyst

The second most common odontogenic cyst is the dentigerous cyst, which develops within the normal dental follicle that surrounds an unerupted tooth

Preauricular sulcus

The pelvic portion of the anterior sacroiliac ligament is attached to it

Chilotic line

It is an anthropometric line extending from the posterior aspect of the iliopectineal eminence to the closest point on the anterior auricular margin and then to the iliac crest

Tooth enamel

It is the hardest substance in the body containing primarily hydroxyapatite

Super-added permanent teeth

These teeth do not have deciduous predecessors

Successional permanent teeth

These teeth erupt in place of deciduous teeth, e.g

Miles method

The amount of wear on all three permanent molars occurs at comparable rates which can be assessed, and age estimation made on the basis of comparison to the baseline

Gustafsons method

Based on the evaluation of ground sections of teeth

Aspartic acid racemization (AAR)

A major non-enzymatic covalent modification that causes abnormal protein accumulation in many human tissues with age

Chemical method

Estimation of nitrogen content of enamel, carbonate content and concentration of ions

Radiocarbon dating of tooth enamel

It may give a precise estimation of an individuals date of birth

Histological technique

It is based on the counting of incremental lines in dental cementum added to the average age of tooth eruption for the estimation of the age at death

Aspartic acid racemization

The analysis has been done on both tooth enamel and crown dentin with analysis of dentin giving more accurate age estimation than enamel

Attrition

Wearing down of occlusal surface due to mastication, first involving enamel, then dentin and lastly pulp

Periodontosis

Retraction of gum margin and loosening of tooth exposing the neck and adjacent parts of roots

Secondary dentin

Progressive infilling of the dental pulp cavity, decreases the size of cavity and may completely obliterate it

Cementum apposition

Cementum increase in thickness around the root due to changes in tooth position, continuously deposited throughout life and forms incremental lines

Root resorption

Involves both cementum and dentin

Root transparency

Occurs in root from below upwards in lower jaw and above downwards in upper jaw due to rarefaction of the dentin tissue

Amelogenin (AMEL)

A major protein found in human enamel

Shovel-shaped

These upper central incisors can be found in most Mongoloids and Americans

Carabellis tubercle

An anomalous cusp on the mesial palatal surface of the upper first permanent molars, most commonly seen among Europeans

Taurodontism

A tooth abnormality with elongated pulp chambers and apical displacement of bifurcation or trifurcation of the roots, giving it a rectangular shape

Scars

It is a fibrous tissue covered by epithelium without hair follicles, sweat glands or pigment, produced from the healing of a wound

Incised wounds

These wounds produce linear scars

Stab wounds

Due to knife produces oval, elliptical, triangular or irregular scars which are depressed

Bullet wounds

These causes a circular depressed scar

Vaccination scars

These scard are circular or oval, flat or slightly depressed

Tattoos

Designs made in the skin by multiple small puncture wounds with needles dipped in coloring matter which is attached to an oscillating unit

Traumatic tattoos

Resulting from injuries (roadside injuries) or close range firearm (unburnt gunpowder) or pencil lead; these are unintentional and unwanted tattoos

Amateur tattoos

Tattoo applied by anyone at home, using a needle and a single color carbon based ink, e.g

Professional tattoos

This is created by a trained tattoo artist at a salon or tattoo parlor which contains several colors and applied uniformly beneath the skin

Cosmetic tattoos

They camouflage skin discolorations, such as birthmarks or scars, tattooing ‘hair follicles into bald areas or corneal tattooing in perforating injury

Medical tattoos

This type of tattoos is used for indicating a medically relevant condition or body location