bio chapters 30-31 test review

actually now fully done with entire chapters 30-31, enjoy

circulatory system

moves substances throughout body to organs, tissues, cells
transported materials are carried by the blood:
1. nutrients/water brought from intestines to all cells
2. oxygen from lungs to body cells. carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs
3. antibodies made by white blood cells circulate to fight pathogens
4. hormones from endocrine glands are brought to target cells
5. wastes from all cells go to excretory organs

diffusion

process in which substances move from a high concentration to a low concentration
capillaries - microscopic blood vessels where diffusion occurs, connect arteries and veins

heart

the pump that drives the circulatory system

veins

blood vessels carry blood to heart

arteries

carry blood away from heart

atria and ventricles

atria - two upper chambers of the heart
ventricles - two lower chambers of heart

right side of heart pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
left side of heart pumps blood high in oxygen to all parts of body

pacemaker

controls heartbeat (timing of when each chamber contracts)

blood flows in this path:

vena cave (large veins) bring blood low in oxygen into right atrium, which pumps blood through a valve into right ventricle. the right ventricle pumps this blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs

at lungs, blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide

the pulmonary veins bring blood high in oxygen into left atrium, which pumps blood through a valve into left ventricle. the left ventricle pumps this blood through the aorta (big artery) to the entire body

when ventricles contract, this causes the blood in blood vessels to be under pressure

plasma

liquid fluid of the blood that carries all blood cells
90% water
10% nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc.

red blood cells

float in plasma
carry oxygen

white blood cells

float in plasma
fight infection

hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

antibody

protein made by some white blood cells to fight infections

platelets

float in plasma
clot blood to stop bleeding
fibrin: protein that forms net to trap red blood cells: clot

respiratory system

used for breathing: provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration

1. excretes the waste carbon dioxide which is produced from cellular respiration

2. the diaphragm is the muscle underneath the lungs that allows for breathing to occur as it contracts and relaxes

3. you breathe faster when CO2 builds up in the blood because your cells are doing more cellular respiration and so release more CO2 as waste

mucus and cilia

in your nose, help trap pathogens

alveoli

air sacs at the end of bronchioles supported by capillaries
oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide exits blood

nose

warms, moistens, and filters air using cilia and mucus

epiglottis

flap of tissue that blocks trachea when you swallow

trachea

windpipe
-rings of cartilage for support
-lined with cilia and mucus

bronchi

two tubes connect to lungs
branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles

lungs

where gas exchange occurs
oxygen comes in and carbon dioxide goes out

pathogen

an organism (germ) that causes infectious disease
NOT a cell

antigens

protein “tags” on pathogens that identify a bacteria or virus

1st line of defense

barriers - block pathogens from entering body
ex: sweat, oils, tears, saliva, mucus, cilia, skin
unspecific

2nd line of defense

white blood cells attack pathogens
ex: macrophages & neutrophils (eat pathogens) & natural killer cells (release enzymes to kill infected body cells)
inflammatory response occurs
unspecific

3rd line of defense

immune response
target one specific pathogen
memory B cells remember correct shape of pathogen and create immunity

vaccine

an injection to stimulate the body’s immune response against a specific disease
uses a dead pathogen, weaken pathogen, or messenger RNA to prepare body to recognize a disease and produce antibodies
stimulates body to make memory cells to that pathogen
provides immunity

nerve system

senses the respond to external and internal environment and helps your body maintain homeostasis

• regulates your body with impulses that are both electrical chemical

• main organs are brain and spinal cord, made of interneurons

central nervous system

brain:

• cerebrums, controls voluntary actions and conscious thought

• cerebellum controls coordination and balance

• brain stem controls involuntary actions such as breathing

spinal cord

• controls reflexes and relays nerve impulses between the brain and body

peripheral nervous system

sense organs:

• eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin are the receptors which receive a stimulus and connect to sensory neurons

• sensory neurons carry nerve impulses to brain and/or spinal cord

motor neurons

• carry nerve impulses away from brain and/or spinal cord and connect to effectors (muscles or glans)

• effectors perform a response

testes

produce and store sperm

sperm

• haploid cells made by meiosis

• produced in large numbers throughout a male’s life

• smaller than the egg and are motile

• provide human offspring with 23 chromosomes only

testosterone

male sex hormone and is made in the testes