amines

what is the general formula for amines?

RNH2

How do quarternary ammonium salts as cationic surfactants work?

Alkyl group is hydrophobic, amine group hydrophilic

In what two ways can primary aliphatic amines be prepared?

Reaction of ammonia with haloalkanes, reduction of nitriles

What is the basis for classifying amines?

the number of substituted hydrogens

formula for secondary amine

NHR2

formula for tertiary amines

NR3

what conditions are needed for the synthesis of amines using haloalkanes and ammonia

excess, hot ethanolic ammonia, pressure

what type of reaction is the synthesis of amines using haloalkanes and ammonia?

nucleophilic substitution

what acts as the nucleophile in the synthesis of amines using ammonia and haloalkanes?

ammonia/NH3

describe how the 2 ammonias in the synthesis of amines using ammonia and haloalkanes have different roles

first ammonia acts as a nucleophile, second acts as a base

what is the problem with making amines from haloalkanes?

amines are also nucleophiles - amine products of the reaction will compete with NH3 for the substitution of the haloalkanes

describe the order of the strength of amines to act as nucleophiles in terms of level of substitution

more substituted the amine, the better the nucleophile - tertiary>secondary>primary>ammonia

describe the 2 steps to making amines using the reduction of nitriles

nitrile is made from nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes with cyanide ion, nitriles can then be reduced with hydrogen and a nickel catalyst

why is the reduction of nitriles a better way of making amines than the nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes using ammonia?

there is no chance of making secondary or tertiary amines

How are aromatic amines prepared?

By the reduction of nitro compounds

Give a use of aromatic amines

Manufacture of dyes

Give a use for quaternary ammonium salts

Cationic surfactants

Give the conditions for reduction of nitriles to form amines

Reflux in ethanol, Ni catalyst

How can nitriles be made?

Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes with cyanide ion

Give the relative base strengths of ammonia, primary aliphatic and primary aromatic amines

Primary aliphatic > ammonia > primary aromatic