2- Criminology

EEG

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

fMRI

a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain

PET

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

CT

a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce axial (slices) images of the brain

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

ecological validity

the idea that cognition should be measured in settings that are as realistic as possible and that the abilities measured should be those needed in real life

sampling bias

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

regression to the mean

phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.

dual processing model

the idea that two modes of thinking exist within the human brain, one for intuitive emotional responses and one for analytical reasoning

processing

analyzing and considering available information

judgement

making an assessment based on the analysis of information

decision making

drawing a conclusion and deciding how to act based on the judgement made

cognitive misers

a term that conveys the human tendency to avoid expending effort and cognitive resources when thinking and to prefer seizing on quick and easy answers to questions

system 1 thinking

the set of automatic biases, heuristics, and intuitions by which we make most of our daily decisions.

system 2 thinking

reflective thinking that is slow, deliberate, and conscious. Often less charged with emotions.

heuristics

shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer