Chapter 13 Quiz | Unit IV

The reduced stimulation of glycolysis following an endurance training leads to a(n) _____.

lower oxygen deficit

The high levels of _____ _____ across the muscle membrane during resistance training appear to be a primary signal that promotes contractile protein synthesis.

mechanical stretch

Identify a biochemical adaptation by which endurance training increases the capacity to transport free fatty acids (FFA) into the mitochondria.

by dramatically increasing fatty acid translocase

Increased capillary density

enhances the delivery of free fatty acids to the muscle

Expanded transport ability

moves free fatty acids across the sarcolemma and from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria

Increase in mitochondria numbers

converts free fatty acids to acetyl-CoA units for metabolism in the Krebs cycle

Identify the training-induced biochemical changes involved in maintaining the pH level of blood.

1. decreased lactate and H+ formation
2. Decreased pyruvate production

The group III and group IV nerve fibers provide a _____ _____ mechanism that contributes to the regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory responses during exercise.

peripheral feedback

Rank the biochemical adaptations following endurance training according to the order in which they occur.

1. increase in both the subpopulations of mitochondria-subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar in muscle fibers
2. elevation of the enzyme involved in fatty-acid beta-oxidation
3. increased rate at which acetyl-CoA molecules are formed from free fatty acids for entry to the Krebs cycle
4. High rate of beta oxidation and increased levels of citrate in the muscle
5. inhibition of rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis
6. decrease in carbohydrate metabolism and increase in lipid oxidation

Identify the key change that occurs due to endurance training, which results in the decrease of sympathetic nervous system activity, during submaximal exercise.

increased in mitochondrial number

Hyperplasia

it refers to an increase in the total number of muscle fibers within a specific muscle.

Hypertrophy

it refers to an increase in muscle fiber cross-sectional area.

The smaller group of mitochondrial subpopulation that rests immediately beneath the sarcolemma is called subsarcolemmal mitochondria, and the larger group that is dispersed around the contractile proteins is called _____ mitochondria.

intermyofibrillar

Identify the genetic factors that contribute to the high VO2 max values possessed by elite male and female endurance athletes.

1. a high percentage of slow muscle fibers
2. a large cardiovascular capacity

Identify a true statement about afterload.

afterload is reduced in trained muscles.

A single bout of resistance exercise can elevate the rate of muscle protein synthesis for up to _____.

24 hours

Preload

end diastolic volume

Afterload

total peripheral resistance

Identify neural adaptations that are caused by resistance training.

1. improved ability to recruit motor units
2. alterations in motor firing rates

Rank the processes that meet the need for adenosine triphosphate during exercise according to the order in which they occur.

1. phosphocreatine response
2. glycolysis
3. mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

The corollary of the _____ principle is the principle of reversibility.

overload

Endurance training results in a decrease in _____ during prolonged submaximal exercise.

the utilization of plasma glucose

Rank the biochemical responses to endurance training according to the order in which they appear.

1. activation of free radicals
2. increased mitogen activated kinase
3. activation of PGC-1a
4. Mitochondrial biogenesis

The _____ principle refers to the fact that an organ system or tissue must be exercised at a level beyond which it is accustomed in order to achieve a training adaptation.

overload

Endurance training of muscles results in a(n) _____.

increase in mitochondria number

Unlike muscular strength, muscular endurance refers to the _____.

ability to make repeated contractions against a submaximal load

In contrast to detraining in endurance training, detraining in resistance training _____.

occurs at a slower rate

Rank the activities involved in resistance exercise-induced protein synthesis according to the order in which they occur.

1. muscle mechanical stretch
2. synthesis of insulin-like growth factor 1
3. activation of protein kinase B molecule
4. activation of mTOR molecule
5. increase in mRNA translation

The increased capacity of the muscle to extract oxygen following training is primarily due to a(n) _____.

increase in capillary density

Identify a true statement about 5'adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase.

it stimulates glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation.

the VO2 max has been found to be less than 20 ml/kg/min in _____.

patients with severe pulmonary disease

Rank the big picture process of exercise-induced training adaptation according to the order of which it occurs.

1. muscle contraction
2. increase in primary and secondary messengers
3. initiation of cascade of coordinated signaling events
4. increased expression of specific genes
5. synthesis of specific proteins

High-intensity interval training

AMPK and PGC

endurance exercise

P38, CaMK, Calclineurlin, AMPK

resistance training

IGF-1/mTOR and NFkB

Identify a true statement about maximal oxygen uptake.

it involved marge muscle groups

an increase in the end diastolic volume stretched the left ventricular wall, causing cardiac muscle to contract more forcefully via the _____.

Frank-Starling mechanism

Identify the type of individual who experiences improvements in Vo2 max with relatively low training intensities.

those with low VO2 max prior to training

Identify a true statement about endurance training-induced changes in myosin isoforms.

it results in a fast-to-slow shift in myosin isoforms

T/F: Prolonged endurance training increases the size of the left ventricle with little change in ventricular wall thickness.

true

The level of _____ in the muscle cytosol is determined by the mode, intensity, and volume of exercise.

free calcium

Identify a primary signaling event that occurs due to repeated muscle contractions.

release of calcium

T/F: Even a few weeks of exercise training can result in large increases in maximal heart rate.

False; exercise training does not increase maximal heart rate and, in fact, months of training result in a small decrease in maximal heart rate.

Endurance training protects muscle damage by increasing the levels of _____.

endogenous antioxidants

T/F: The magnitude of the exercise-induced increase in mitochondria in muscle is dependent upon both the exercise intensity and duration.

True

Identify a primary signal for muscle adaptation.

muscle stretch

Strength training-induced shifts in muscle fibers are less prominent than endurance training-induced transformations because all of the change in fiber type is a movement from _____ fibers.

type llx to type lla

This signaling molecule is activated during high-intensity interval training due to changes in muscle fiber phosphate levels.

AMPK

Identify a primary signal molecule involved in muscle adaptation as a response to endurance training.

decreases in muscle phosphatase

Prolonged endurance training can typically increase muscle mitochondrial protein by _____ within the first six weeks of training.

50% to 100%

The fast-to-slow shift in myosin isoforms as a result of endurance training to physiologically important because it _____.

increases mechanical efficiency

_____ is the measure of the maximal capacity of the body to transport and use oxygen during dynamic exercise using large muscle groups.

Maximal oxygen uptake

_____ trigger a signaling cascade that leads to mitochondrial biogenesis.

repeated muscle contractions

During endurance training, a(n) _____ contributes to augmented venous return and increased end diastolic volume

increase in plasma volume

All training-induced increases in maximum cardiac output must come from a(n) _____.

increase in stroke volume