Vitamin B complex

What other names does the vitamin B complex have?

• The B vitamins

  • NOT VITAMIN B

What kind of vitamin is the vitamin b complex and what function of the body do they focus on?

Water soluble vitamin —> focus on intermediary metabolism

What are the B-complex vitamins?

• thiamine (B1)

• riboflavin (B2)

• pyridoxine (B6)

• B12

• niacin

• pantothenic acid

• folic acid

• choline

• biotin

What does the vitamin thiamine (B1) do?

• organic catalyst

  • coenzyme in oxidative decarboxylation (losing COOH group)

What are the deficiency symptoms of B1 (thiamine)?

• BERI BERI in humans

  • emaciation, muscular weakness, dysfunction of nervous system

• pigs

  • appetite loss, growth, vomiting, respiratory problems

• chicks

  • POLYNEURITIS (nerve degeneration/paralysis)

What is riboflavin (B2)?

• part of flavoproteins —> transport H for electron transfer

• limited storage in body

• added to non-ruminant diets (pigs and poultry)

  • cereals are poor source

  • ruminants have B2 and microbial help

What are the deficiency symptoms of Riboflavin (B2)?

• pigs

  • poor appetite, slow growth, vomiting, eye problems

• chick

  • curled toe paralysis (nerve degeneration)

• hen

  • poor hatchability, embryonic abnormalities

• ectodermal tissues

  • skin, eye, nervous system

  • cataracts

  • slow growth

  • REPRO - increased stillbirth

• requirement proportional to energy intake

What is the vitamin Niacin?

• called either nicotinamide or nicotinic acid

• can be formed by tryptophan

  • not reverse

  • best not to rely on (cereals low in tryptophan)

• active group of 2 important coenzymes

  • NAD and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and its phosphate)

What are deficiency symptoms of niacin?

• pellegra in humans (3 “D’s”; diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia; disorientation)

• black tongue in dogs

• pigs

  • poor growth, enteritis (digestive upset), dermatitis

What happens when high level niacin use?

• dairy cows

  • help prevent fatty liver syndrome

• human

  • raise HDL cholesterol

    • precede with aspirin

    • use slow release forms

  • can result in hot flashes

What is the vitamin B6 pyridoxin?

• also called pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine

What are the functions of B6 pyridoxin?

• amino acid decarboxylation (C-COOH —> C + COOH)

• deamination (C-NH2 —> C + NH2)

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6 pyridoxin?

• poor growth

• poor eating

• ANEMIA

• nervous convulsions

• reduced antibody response

Why is pyridoxin B6 important?

requirement increased during pregnancy and oral contraceptive use

What is pantothenic acid?

• component coenzyme A

  • fatty acid breakdown

  • CHO oxidation

  • USE ENERGY

What is pantothenic acid deficiency symptoms?

• goose stepping in pigs

  • nervous incoordination

• diarrhea

• loss of hair, skin problems

• poor growth

Where can you find pantothenic acid?

• widely distributed in plants

What is folic acid?

• also called folacins (3 associated compounds)

• movement of 1 carbon residues

  • COO- and CH3

  • synthesis of purines and amino acids

  • related with B12

What are deficiency symptoms of folic acid?

• anemia (like B12 but not cured with B12)

• poor growth

• poor feathering

• humans (biggest problem)

  • neural tube defects

    • spina bifida (open spine)

    • anencephaly (open skull)

    • encephalocele (gap in skull)

  • 18-30 days after conception

• only poultry, pregnant women, and kids

  • protects against heart disease, cervical, colon, and breast cancer

What is the vitamin choline?

• unlike other vitamins

  • actually used up and replaced by betaine and methionine

  • methyl donor

What are the deficiency symptoms of choline?

• slow growth

• fatty liver

• PEROSIS

  • slipped tendon in chickens

• reduced litter size in pigs

  • add extra to sow’s diet

What is vitamin B12?

• contains COBALT

• APF (animal protein factor)

• prevents pernicious anemia

• 1949 discovered

What is the function of vitamin B12?

• synthesis of RNA and DNA

• chemistry of methyl groups\

• intrinsic factor

  • in order to absorb B12, need this from stomach

What is vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms?

• pernicious anemia

  • leads to death

• all symptoms of starvation

What is the vitamin biotin?

• contains SULFUR

• role in fat synthesis

• skin problems

  • dermatitis

  • loss of hair

• avidin (raw egg white) inactivates it

• widely distributed

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

• A, D, E, and K

• A and D toxic at high levels

What are water soluble vitamins?

• reach renal threshold (excreted as urine)

• high doses can be pharmacologic