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phospholipid bilayer
two sheets of phospholipids in a cell membrane, passive transport diffusion
peripheral protein
protein not "embedded" in phospholipid bilayer, helps with transport and communication
integral proteins
protein that is embedded in phospholipid bilayer, helps channel and transport molecules across phospholipid bilayer
channel protein
integral protein that does facilitated diffusion (facilitated transport)
carrier protein
integral protein that does active transport using ATP
gradient of concentration
used to describe concentration of solvent and solute
solvent
dissolves (water, etc)
solute
gets dissolved (salt, sugar, etc)
exocytosis
cell vacuole expels large amounts of material
endocytosis
cell vacuole intakes large amounts of material
phagocytosis
endocytosis of large solids (amoeba eating cell, etc)
pinocytosis
endocytosis of extracellular fluids
diffusion
the spreading out of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
osmosis
diffusion of solvent (water) through selectively permeable membrane
facilitated diffusion
when only specific molecules can pass through selectively permeable membrane, which speeds up diffusion (NO ENERGY USED)
isotonic solution
solute/solvent ratio equal compared to cell (cell remains same)
hypertonic solution
more solute compared to cell (water leaves cell, cell shrinks)
hypotonic solution
less solute compared to cell (water enters cell, cell expands)
cholesterol
helps phospholipid bilayer resist structure change caused by temperature changes
protein pumps (ion pumps)
moves ions against concentration gradient using ATP
sodium-potassium pump
3 Na+ (sodium ion) pumped out for every 2 K+ (potassium) pumped in
cotransport
coupling the transport of molecules through cell membrane
sodium-glucose symport
couples transport of sodium ions and glucose into cell
proton pump
remove hydrogen ions (H+)
glycoprotein, glycolipid, and carbohydrates
on the outside of phospholipid bilayer, used for messaging and cell identification