Day 3 (applied geology)

Antarctica

The only continent without diamond pipes (kimberlites).

Bushveld, South Africa

The largest Cr and PGE resource. Also, it has a huge Fe-Ti-V-Sn resource.

Sudbury, Canada

The largest Ni resource.

Adiabat

A packet of the mantle that moves up or down without gaining or losing heat.

Enstatite chondrites

Considered as the most reduced chondrites.

Carbonaceous chondrites

Considered as the most primitive chondrites and excellent models of bulk solar system composition.

Podiform/Alpine-type chromite

Ophiolite-related which formed in mid-oceanic ridges or back-arc basin spreading centers and tectonically obducted onto continental or island arc margins (Proterozoic to Phanerozoic).

Granitic tin

80% of the world's present tin production (Phanerozoic).

Porphyry Cu (+/-Mo +/-Au)

Large low- to medium- grade copper deposit which exhibits hypogene sulfides and alteration silicate zoning, and is temporally and spatially related to an epizonal calc-alkaline to alkaline porphyritic intrusion.

Climax-type molybdenum

Occurs in a tectonic to tensional rift environments located inland from continental margin, i.e. not in magmatic arcs. It is found only in USA (Colorado-New Mexico-Utah) with a narrow age range, about 20-50 Ma.

Free gold

The most valuable placer commodity.

1.40%

Percentage of onshore mineral resources in the Philippines, covered by mining permits.

9 million hectares

Number of hectare of the potential sites for metallic minerals in the Philippines.

Cretaceous to Miocene

Age of the ancient magmatic arc of the Philippines.

Late Miocene to Pleistocene

Age of the young volcanic arc of the Philippines.

35

Number of operating limestone/shale quarry in the Philippines.

15

Number of operating aggregate quarries in the Philippines.

2

Number of sand and gravel quarries in the Philippines.

6

Number of operating silica quarries in the Philippines.

3

Number of operating clay quarries in the Philippines.

1

Number of operating dolomite quarries in the Philippines.

100 °C

Starting temperature of coalification.

2,370 million metric tons

Estimated coal resource potential in the Philippines.

200 million metric tons

Estimated mineable coal reserve in the Philippines.

Semirara Island, Antique

More than 40% of the mineable coal reserves has been estimated by detailed exploration.

10³-10⁴

Viscosity of an erupting basalt.

10⁵-10⁷

Viscosity of an erupting andesite.

10¹¹

Viscosity of an erupting rhyodacite.

Bezymmiany-type

Debris avalanche due to the movement of magma beneath the edifice.

Bandai-type

Debris avalanche caused by the adjustments along faults.

Alert level 1

Magmatic, tectonic or hydrothermal disturbance; no eruption imminent.

Alert Level 2

Probable magma intrusion; could eventually lead to an eruption.

Alert level 3

Increasing likelihood of an eruption, possibly explosive, probably within days to weeks.

Alert level 4

Magma close to or at the Earth's surface. Hazardous explosive eruption likely, possibly within hours or days.

> 10 km

Spacing of acquisition for reconnaissance.

< 1 km

Spacing of acquisition for detailed survey.

IP-resistivity

A good indicator of soil moisture, ore deposits, sinkholes; effective complement to seismic refraction or GPR; and efficient.

Georges Matheron

He was the first to use the term "geostatistics".

Danie G. Krige

He was the first to develop a moving average technique for estimating gold grades.

Kriging

Calculates the optimal weights to be assigned to each data point through a system of linear equations which utilizes the variogram. Also known as the best linear unbiased estimator.

50,000,000 USD

The minimum investment for Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement (FTAA).

Temporary Environmental Protection Order (TEPO)

It is in the contravention of "no injunction rule" under PDs 605 and 1818.

60%

The minimum percentage of capital of the corporation or association that must be owned by the Philippine citizen in order to be qualified as a Philippine corporation or association.

Bushveld Complex, South Africa

It is the world's largest preserved intrusion (Paleoproterozoic).

Altiplano intrusion

The largest known active major mid- to upper-crustal intrusion in an arc, which straddles the Chile-Argentina border along the Andean arc.

Ladolam, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea

The geologically youngest mined epithermal deposit (< 0.4 Ma).

Lepanto and FSE, Philippines

These two deposits give indistinguishable radiometric ages with uncertainties constraining the time of formation within < 0.12 million years.

Carboniferous Red Dog, Brookes Range, Alaska

Presently the world's largest producer of zinc.

Kupferschiefer/red-bed copper deposits

These are generally large, laterally extensive, stratabound Cu deposits, with Co as an important by-product in some deposits, and provide about 30% of the world's supply of Cu

Witwatersrand palaeoplacer Au-U deposits, South Africa

Holds > 50 000 tonnes of gold, or about 35% of the world's total production through history (Late Archean).

Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Over 75% of the world's production and reserves of PGE.

Group II kimberlite (orangeite)

Kimberlite that only recognized in South Africa. Its macrocrysts are dominately phlogopite with lesser olivine in an olivine-mica groundmass.

Murantau, Uzbekhistan

The world's largest Au producer at the time of writing.

Nevada, USA

It is where the Carlin-type Au deposit first recognized and described.

Hotazel Formation, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa

It includes about 50% of Mn reserves.

Valley at 1,400-1,500 nm

The distinguishing feature or fingerprint of alunite and other minerals.

Spectral library

It is used as a reference for material identification in remote sensing images.

Hyperspectral remote sensing

Important for detecting fine spectral features that can identify specific materials.

24 ppm

Lethal amount of NaOH in liquid waste.

4.5 < pH < 9.5

Ideal pH for aquatic life.

Tertiary wastewater treatment

It involves removal of suspended matter which escaped in activated-sludge plant and suitable only in well-oxidized effluents .

5.1 g/cc

Density of chromite (FeCr2O4).

8.7 to 10.9 g/cc

Density of uraninite (UO2).

19.3 g/cc

Density of gold (Au).

Primary magma

Derived directly by partial melting of some source, and they have no characteristics that reflect the effects of subsequent differentiation. The source is presumed to be the mantle.

Primitive magma

This magma is not very evolved.

Parental magma

Corresponds to the most primitive rock found in an area and, thus, the magma from which we suppose the others are derived.

Hurtonian overland flow

Occurs when precipitation is greater than infiltration in soil.

Aquiclude

A layer that stores, but doesn't transmit water.

Aquifuge

A layer that doesn't store and transmit water.

Aquitard

It is a leaky confining bed that transmits water at very slow rate to or from an adjacent aquifer.

Vadose zone

Zone of aeration.

Phreatic zone

Zone of saturation.

0.3 to 0.6 °C

The increased mean global surface temperature since 19th century.

10 to 25 cm

The increased sea level over the last 100 years.

Sewage

Wastewaters from a community, mainly excreta and all other waste (primarily liquid) from domestic processes.

Protore

The rock that is less enriched in ore when metal prices are low.

Gangue

Minerals with sub-ore concentrations, which are not economically valuable.

Syngenetic ore deposits

Represent primary mineralization wherein ores form at the same time - synchronous - as the rock.

Epigenetic ore deposits

Form by secondary mineralization wherein ore concetrates some time after the rock has formed.

Supergene enrichment

It occurs as surface waters percolate downward, in so doing leaching near surface metals and concentrating them at deeper levels within Earth's crust.

Hypogene enrichment

A primary or syngenetic process that occurs as deep, upwelling magmatic fluids concentrate ore synchronous with rock development.

Mineral production sharing agreement (MPSA)

It is an agreement where the government grants to the contractor the exclusive right to conduct mining operations within a contract area and shares in the gross output. The contractor shall provide the financing, technology, management and personnel necessary for the implementation of this agreement.

Co-production agreement (CPA)

It is an agreement between the government and the contractor wherein the government shall provide inputs to the mining operations other than the mineral resource.

Joint-venture agreement (JVA)

It is an agreement where a joint-venture company is organized by the government and the contractor with both parties having equity of 15 shares. Aside from the earnings in equity, the government shall be entitled to a share in the gross output.

Xenothermal

Hydrothermal mineral deposit formed at high temperature but shallow depth.

Telethermal

Hydrothermal mineral deposit formed at shallow depth and relatively low temperatures.

Chromatite

Chromite ore with greater than 30% Cr.

Paracale-Fe (Camarines Norte)

Biggest Fe deposit in the PH.

470 MMT

In-situ coal reserve of PH.

2.39 billion metric tons

Total coal resource potential of PH.

Terrain correction

Gravity reduction (correction) that is used for topogragpic relief in the vicinity of gravity station.

Administrative Order 29 s. 2012

Naming the West Philippine Sea of the Republic of the Philippines.

RA 8371: Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA)

Act to recognize, protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities/Indigenous peoples, creating a national commission on Indigenous peoples

RA 10166: Geology of Profession Act of 2012

Regulates the practice of Geology which is vital to national development. It upgrades geology education and the quality of geologist who, as the law envisions, should be excellent, world class and globally competitive through regulatory measures, programs and activities.

Presidential Decree No. 1206

Creating the Department of Energy (1977).

Presidential Decree No. 1599 s. 1978

Establishing an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Bitumen

Organic matter that transforms into soluble organic matter.

Kerogen

Organic matter that transforms into insoluble organic matter.

Anoxic environment, low energy, high sediment supply

Environment that favors organic matter formation.