9. ESL Programs

What significant event in 1963 marked the establishment of ESL programs in the U.S.?

The first major government effort to establish ESL programs occurred in Florida, partly due to the Cuban Revolution.

What was the impact of the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act on ESL education?

It led to an increase in language-minority students, creating a need for bilingual education.

What was the outcome of the Lau v. Nichols case in 1974?

The Supreme Court ruled that failing to provide supplemental English instruction to non-English speaking students violated their rights.

What did the Lau Remedies specify for school districts?

They outlined methods for providing education to English language learners (ELLs).

What does the Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA) prohibit?

It prohibits discrimination against students based on race, color, or national origin and requires equal educational opportunities.

What types of bilingual education programs were implemented during the 1970s?

Structured immersion, partial immersion, transitional bilingual programs, and two-way immersion programs.

What was the significance of Proposition 227 passed in California in 1998?

It mandated that English be the primary medium of instruction for language-minority students.

What is the primary focus of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) passed in 2001?

To assist school districts in teaching English to limited English proficient students and help them meet academic standards.

What criteria did Castañeda v. Pickard (1981) establish for bilingual programs?

Programs must be research-based, resourced, and effective in overcoming language barriers.

What did the Plyer v. Doe (1982) ruling establish regarding education for undocumented immigrant children?

It ruled that it is illegal to deny funding or charge for their education.

What was the ruling in Serna v. Portales (1974)?

Schools must provide a bilingual curriculum to accommodate English language learners.

What did Rios v. Reed (1978) determine about bilingual programs?

Bilingual programs must actually be bilingual, not primarily English-only.

What was the significance of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act created in 1964?

It provided equal educational opportunities and helped change the treatment of minorities in America.

How did the Lau v. Nichols case define equitable access to education?

Equitable access means providing different strategies for students of varying English proficiency, not just equal treatment.

What was a major effect of the 1975 Office for Civil Rights pressure on school districts?

It led to the implementation of meaningful instruction for English language learners.

What was the role of the Supreme Court in the Lau v. Nichols case?

The Court demanded changes to provide equal education to ELLs without specifying exact remedies.

What was the main goal of the No Child Left Behind Act regarding ELLs?

To develop integrated systems of English language proficiency standards and accountability.

What was the impact of the 1980s on bilingual education programs?

Bilingual education programs faced resistance during this decade.

What was the significance of the 1963 ESL program in Florida?

It was the first major government effort to establish ESL education in the public school system.

What did the 1974 Lau Remedies specify for ELL education?

They provided specific methods for school districts to follow in educating English language learners.

What is one of the main challenges faced by ESL programs today?

There is ongoing debate about the best methods for English language learning.

What landmark case ended institutionally segregated schooling?

Brown v. Board of Education

What year did the Texas Education Agency create accreditation measures for bilingual programs?

1967

What act passed in 1968 supports bilingual education?

The Bilingual Education Act, Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act

What did the Office for Civil Rights mandate in 1970 regarding English minority students?

Schools must provide adequate support for English Language Learners (ELLs) and equal educational opportunities.

What requirement was established by the Bilingual Education and Training Act in 1973?

Public schools with 20 or more ELLs must provide native-language instruction.

What case in 1974 assured the survival of bilingual programs?

Lau v. Nichols

What guidelines were introduced in 1975 for bilingual/ESL education?

Lau Remedies

What assessment was established by Castañeda vs. Pickard in 1981 for bilingual programs?

A three-part assessment: sound educational theory, effective implementation, and proven effectiveness.

What does the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 require for ELLs?

Quality instruction for learning both English and grade-level academic content.

What is a Pull-Out Program in ESL education?

ELLs are removed from mainstream classrooms for special ESL instruction.

What is a Pull-In / Push-In Program?

The ESL teacher provides instruction within the regular education classroom.

What are Self-Contained English Language Learner Classes?

Classes where ESL methods are applied to all subjects for ELLs.

What is the purpose of Newcomer Centers?

To assist recent immigrants with little English proficiency before they enter general education.

What is the goal of Dual Language Education or Two-Way Immersion?

To develop bilingualism and biliteracy in students from two language groups.

What is Total Immersion in language education?

Students are fully immersed in a second language with no additional support.

What is Structured English Immersion?

Subject matter is taught in English by a teacher licensed in both content and ESL.

What does Sheltered English Immersion focus on?

Teaching academic content in English while promoting English language development.

What is the early-exit model in Transitional Bilingual Education?

Students master their first language (L1) before transitioning to full-time English instruction.

What is the late-exit model in Transitional Bilingual Education?

Students receive more instruction in L1 before gradually increasing English instruction.

What is the primary aim of Heritage Language Programs?

To rejuvenate an indigenous language and promote bilingualism and biliteracy, often prioritizing the heritage language.

What is the Maintenance Model in ESL education?

A model where the student's L1 is maintained to support L2 learning, aiming for bilingualism and biliteracy, but with limited development of L1.

What does the Enrichment Model seek to achieve?

It aims to extend the influence of the minority language and culture into the community and nationally, promoting bilingualism and biliteracy.

What is the purpose of Response to Instruction/Intervention (RtI)?

To adjust instruction based on students' performance levels, measuring growth and needs weekly or bi-weekly.

What is Differentiated Instruction?

An approach where teachers plan for students' differences to optimize learning, requiring ongoing evaluation and flexibility in lesson delivery.

What is a Cluster Center in ESL education?

A center where students from multiple schools are grouped for intensive language teaching, requiring logistics for student transportation.

How does ESL program placement differ at elementary campuses?

Placement is simpler with ESL self-contained teachers, and all content area teachers are encouraged to have ESL training for better student support.

What is the benefit of having ESL certified teachers in middle school content areas?

It provides ESL scaffolding across multiple subjects, ensuring students receive support in language arts and other core subjects.

What challenges do high school ESL students face regarding graduation requirements?

They must meet complicated graduation plans and may need to take multiple English classes simultaneously due to language proficiency issues.

What is the recommendation for teachers of other content areas in high school ESL programs?

They should obtain ESL endorsements or training to better support English Language Learners.

What is a concern for more capable ESL students in mainstream classes?

They may be frustrated by work that is not intellectually challenging and should be placed in honors or advanced placement courses.

What is the goal of individualized learning plans in ESL instruction?

To tailor teaching methods to each child's learning style and needs.

What is a common fear associated with focusing on additional language instruction?

The fear of falling behind in other academic subjects.

What does the term 'bilingualism' refer to in the context of ESL programs?

The ability to speak and understand two languages proficiently.

What is biliteracy?

The ability to read and write proficiently in two languages.

What is the role of language assistants in middle school ESL programs?

To provide closer attention to English learners' needs and offer first language support.

What is a significant logistical challenge for Cluster Centers?

Transporting students from multiple schools for intensive language instruction.

What is the importance of teacher creativity in Differentiated Instruction?

It allows teachers to adapt lessons to meet diverse student needs effectively.

How often should student growth be measured in an RtI framework?

Weekly or bi-weekly.

What is the primary focus of ESL programs in high school?

To ensure students meet graduation requirements while developing language proficiency.

What is the significance of the TELPAS assessment for ESL students?

It requires a collection of writing from multiple disciplines to assess language proficiency.

What is the potential drawback of having only one ESL pullout teacher?

It limits the support available to students, making it less effective for addressing their diverse needs.