Human Nutrition Final Exam

Name the 4 pancreatic enzymes and their functions

Pancreatic amylase → digests starch

Pancreatic lipase → digests lipids

Trypsin(ogen) → digests protein

Chymotrypsin(ogen) → digests protein

Name the 6 brush border enzymes and their function

Sucrase → digests sucrose (carbohydrate)

Maltase → digests maltose (carbohydrate)

Lactase → digests lactose (carbohydrate)

Dipeptidase → digests protein

Tripeptidase → digests protein

Lipase → digests lipids

What is the RDA for glucose

130g per day

What level of LDL is considered high?

>/= 160 mg/dL

What level of HDL is considered low?

< 40 mg/dL for males

< 50 mg/dL for females

What level of triglycerides is considered high?

>/= 200 mg/dL

Name the 9 essential amino acids

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Tryptophan

Valine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

What is the DRI for protein needs

0.8 g per kg of body weight

What is normal BGL

70 - 110 mg/dL

Name the 2 polysaccharides that starch can be broken down into. Which is easier to digest?

Amylose and amylopectin

Amylopectin is easier to digest due to its branched structure which increases surface area

Health benefits of insoluble fiber and some food sources

Increased peristalsis, reduced constipation

Whole grains, quinoa, rice

Health benefits of soluble fiber and some food sources

Feeds gut microbiome, slows gastric emptying, reduces blood cholesterol

Citrus fruits, oats, legumes, prunes

Define glycemic load

Adjusted glycemic index to account for portion size and cooking and preparation methods

Define glycemic index

The impact of carbohydrate-rich foods on BGL in comparison to the impact of a slice of white bread

What is a major health benefit of consuming essential fatty acids

Important for cell membrane composition especially for neurons

What are trans fats and why are they harmful?

Terminal hydrogens are on opposite sides of a fatty acid chain as a result of hydrogenation during cooking and processing. They raise LDL and lower HDL

What are VLDLs

Lipoproteins that transport lipids into cells

What are LDLs and why are they harmful?

Lipoproteins that bind to receptors on cells and release triglycerides and cholesterol into cells. If they do not bind to cells they degrade and release cholesterol into blood, contributing to plaque build up and atherosclerosis

What are HDLs

Lipoproteins that bind cholesterol in cells and transport them to the liver for excretion or recycling

What organ produces lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL)

The liver

Define chylomicron

Transport triglycerides from lymph to cells - made by enterocytes

Describe how LDLs contribute to atherosclerosis

1. When LDLs oxidize it attracts macrophages

2. Macrophage destroying the LDLs creates foam cells

3. Foam cells stick to the arterial wall, causing the artery to narrow and harden over time

What is a micelle

A collection of free fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and biliary phospholipids that aid in the absorption of lipids into enterocytes

Why is fluid balance important

Ensures that blood volume and pressure are not too high or too low

What is the action of the sodium-potassium pump

Pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into cells

How is alcohol metabolized in the liver

converted to acetate and then to fatty acids - cannot occur indefinitely

Name some negative health outcomes from alcohol consumption

1. Malnutrition and/or micronutrient deficiencies caused by impaired absorption

2. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: neurological disorder caused by decreased thiamin absorption leading to deficiency

3. Fatty liver disease: deposition of fatty acids in the liver caused by failure to break them down properly

4. Cirrhosis: chronic inflammation of liver tissue that leads to scarring

5. Breast, throat, and GI cancers

Define basal metabolic rate

Minimum amount of energy needed to perform normal metabolic processes

Define non-exercise activity thermogenesis

Energy used during physical activities that are not considered exercise (fidgeting, walking, standing)

Define the ranges for underweight, normal, overweight, and obese BMIs

Underweight: < 18.5

Normal: 18.5 - 24.9

Overweight: 25.0 - 29.9

Obese: > 30.0

What is the bran of a whole grain

outer layer of whole grain containing fiber, minerals, and phytochemicals

What is the germ of a whole grain

the “egg yolk” of a whole grain containing vitamin E and dietary fat

What is the endosperm of a whole grain

starchy component that contains protein and B vitamins

What part of the grain remains after processing to create white flour etc? Any carb that is not a whole grain

Endosperm

When do glucogenic amino acids enter the energy metabolism pathway?

Enters glycolysis as an intermediate substrate

When do ketogenic amino acids enter the energy metabolism pathway?

Enters as acetyl CoA

What macronutrient contributes the most to the thermic effect of food? Which one contributes the least?

Protein contributes the most, fat contributes the least

When do fatty acids enter the energy metabolism pathway?

Also enter as acetyl CoA

Name some factors that affect BMR

1. Body composition and size

2. Age

3. Gender

4. Stress levels

5. Nutrition

6. Environmental temp

7. Caffeine and nicotine intake

8. Thyroid hormone levels

9. Genetics

What 2 methods are used to estimate a person’s resting metabolic rate?

Activity levels

Mifflin-St. Joer equation

Why do ketogenesis and ketoacidosis occur

It occurs when carbohydrate intake is inadequate because the brain can use ketones as an energy source

Ketoacidosis occurs in diabetics because their cells cannot adequately uptake glucose, leading to a build up of ketones

5 components of physical fitness

1. Cardiorespiratory endurance

2. Muscular strength

3. Muscular endurance

4. Flexibility

5. Body composition

What is GLP-1 and how do GLP-1 medications contribute to weight loss?

GLP-1 is a hormone that stimulates insulin secretion, blocks glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and promotes satiety

What is the energy balance theory of weight

Weight gain or loss is determined by the ratio of caloric intake to physical activity

What is the set point theory of weight

Homeostatic mechanisms keep body weight within a certain range

What is the carbohydrate insulin model of weight

High carbohydrate intake leads to increased insulin secretion → increased glucose uptake in cells

If energy expenditure is lower than caloric intake, cells will not use that glucose and that person will gain weight

Define eating competence

Being positive, comfortable, flexible, and matter-of-fact while eating foods you enjoy

What is food literacy

knowledge, skills, and attitudes about food, leading to making informed decisions about food and its health impacts

What is mindful eating

Eating while being undistracted, aware, at a slow pace, and nonjudgmental

What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome

1. Waist circumference > 40 in (102 cm) for men or 35 in (88 cm) for women

2. Triglycerides > 150 mg/dL

3. HDL < 40 mg/dL for men or 50 mg/dL for women

4. BP > 130/85

5. Fasting BG > 100 mg/dL

What are characteristics of the Mediterranean diet?

More emphasis on plant-based foods, whole grains, seafood

Less emphasis on red meats and poultry

What are characteristics of the DASH diet?

Increased potassium intake

Decreased sodium intake

High fiber

In-line with dietary guidelines for the most part

3 nutrients of concern for infants and young children

1. Vitamin K to support blood coagulation and gut microbiome establishment

2. Vitamin D for bone health (NOT IN BREAST MILK)

3. Iron for growth

How do physiological changes in older adults contribute to nutrient deficiencies

1. Decreased appetite and decreased senses lead to decreased intake

2. Decrease in HCl secretion decreases B12 absorption

3. Decreased GI motility can lead to gastric upset

Cause, symptoms, and treatment for gastroenteritis

Cause: consumption of pathogens that cause infection and inflammation

Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Treatment: drinking enough water to prevent dehydration

Cause, symptoms of ulcers

Cause: H. pylori or chronic NSAID use

Symptom: sore or erosion of the stomach lining or duodenum

Cause, symptoms of gallbladder disease

Cause: build up of bile sludge and cholesterol creates gallstones

Symptom: bile duct obstruction

Cause, symptoms, and treatment for celiac disease

Cause: autoimmune disease that flattens intestinal microvilli

Symptom: malabsorption

Treatment: gluten free diet