Jun16 Medicro Flash cards. Ben Sorum

Staphylococcus Aureus

Gram positive Cocci , Catalase and Urease positive, Coaglase positive. B-Hemolytic. Ferments mannitol

Virulence factors- Protein A, TSST-1, Exfoliative toxin, enterotoxins

Common in Nares, ears, axilla, groin

Causes-inflamatory diseases, toxin mediated diseases, food poisoning.

MRSA (Methcilin-resistant S Aureus

Altered penicillin binding proteins, some strains release Panton-Valetine Leukocidin (PVL), killing leukocytes and necrosis.

Staphylococcus toxic shock syndrome

fever, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, desquamation, shock, end organ failure. Increased AST, ALT and bilirubin. Associated with prolonged use of vaginal tampons

Staphylococcus epidermis

Gram stain +, Catalase +, Coagulase (-), urease (+). Novobiocin sensitive. Does not ferment mannitol

Found in : flora of skin- contaminates blood cultures

Creates biofilm which infects prosthetic devices, catheters.

Staphylococcus saphrophytisis

Gram + Cocci, catalase +, Urea +, Coagulase (-), Novobiocin resistant.

Found in: female genital tract and perineum

2nd Most common cause of uncomplicated UTI in young females

streptococcus pneumonia

Gram (+) lancet-shaped Diplococci , Catalase (-), A-hemolytic, Encapsulated.Optochin sensitive and bile soluble

Virulence factors- IgA protease

Causes MOPS- Meningitis, Otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis

no virulence without capsule

Streptococcus Mutans and Mitis

Viridian steptococci ( gram +, Catalase (-), A-hemolytic, Optochin reisistant and bile insoluble

Causes dental plaques

Steptococcous sanguinis

Viridian streptococci (gram +, Catalase -, A-hemolytic, Optohchin resistant and bile insoluble.

Biofilm forming

Makes dextrins bind to bind to fibrin platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves-bacterial endocardia

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)

Gram postive Cocci, Catalase -, b-hemolytic, bactriacin sensitive ,

Virulence factors- m protein and hyaluronic acid capsule, Dnase, erythrogenic exotic, streptokinase, strepolysin.

Cuases-honey crusted lesions, pharyngitis, cellulitis, scarlet fever, necrotizing fascitis.

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A )

can be diagnosed with throat swab, antigen detection, or cultured on blood agar (b-hemalytic)

Streptococcus agalactiae (group b)

Gram + cocci, Catalase (-) , b-hemolytic , bacitracin resistant. encapsulated.
colonizes vagina, causes pneumonia meningitis and sepsis in babies!

Virulence - CAMP factor which enlarges hemolysis formed by S.Aeurues

Felt with intrapartnaem penicillin, ampicillin phroylaxis,

Streotococcus bovus

gram + cocci, Y- hemolytic, Can grow in bile, cannot grow in NACI and PYR Status

Colonizes gut

Can cause bacteria and Subacute endocarotis. This may lead to higher increase in colon cancer

Enterococci

gram + cocci, catalase -, y-hemoyltic, grows in bile, and not sensitive to NaC and PRY status

Normal in colonic flora

Resistant penicilian G and cause UTI, biliary tract infection,

some are vancomycin resistant -nosocomical infection

Bacillus anthracis

Gram + spore forming bacteria that causes anthrax.

has polypeptide capsule (instead of polysaccharides poly D glutamate)

medusa head colonies

Destroys skin (Cuteness anthrax)

pulmonary antrax- lead to death

Bacillus Cereus

Spore forming gram positive -associated with food poisoning.

Enterotoxin - cereludide- antibiotics ineffective , leading to diarrhea

Clostridium Tetani

Gram +, spore forming, Obligate Anaeroribic rod. Tetanus toxin cleaves snare proteins paralysis outcome.

Produces tetanospasm, through extoxin, spreads via retrograde to CNS, blocking GABA and glycine in spinal cord.

Tetanus vacine, treat with antitoxin +/e vaccine booster, antibiotics, diazepam and would debridement

Clostridium Botulinum

Gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic rods. Botulinum toxin is proteases that cleave snare proteins involved in neurotransmission.

Produces heat labile toxin inhibiting aCH releae= causing botulism.

Ingestion of spores leads to floppy baby syndrome.

5 D symtoms

diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspnea, and descend flaccid paralysis.

From bad bottles, of food juice and honey.

Treameant Humana botulism immunoglobulin

Botox injuections to treat focal dystonia, hyperhridosis, muscle spams and cosmetic reduction of facial wrinkles

Clostridium perfingens

gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic rod, produces alpha toxin causing gas gangrene.

Clostridiodes difficle

gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic rod, produces toxins A and b , damaging enterocytes

leads to diarrhea- psuedomemebraous colitis.

Often 2_ to antibiotic use, especially clindmciny, ampcillin.

Diagnosed by PCR and antigen in stool

oral vancomycin and fidamxocin treats it

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

Gram + rods. Culture Tellurite or loffler media, virulence factor : Diphtheria toxin lyosnegic phage B-prophage. Which inhibits protein synthesis via ADP-rboslyation of EF2-leading to necrosis in pharynx, cardiac and CNS tissue.

symptoms psuedomembranous pharyngitis.

Lab diagnosis based on gram + rods and metachromatic granules and + Elk test for toxin.

Toxoid vaccine prevents diphtheria.

Treatment. diptheria antitoxin -erythromycin or penicillin.

Listeria monocytogens

Gram positive intracellular facultative catalase. Acquired by ingestion by unpasteurized dairy products and cold deli meats.

Forms rocket tails via actin polymerization that allow intracellular movement and cell to cell spread across cell membranes avoiding anti body. Motility in borth

Can cause amnionitis, septicemia, and spontaneous abortion in pregnant patients; granulomatosis

infantiseptica; meningitis in immunocompromised patients, neonates, and older adults; mild, self-

limited gastroenteritis in healthy individuals.

Treatment: ampicillin.

Nocardia

Acid fast uses Zieni-Neelson stain

Aerobic, urease positive and catalase positive. Found in soil

immunocrompsied. Can mimic TB but with negative PPD.

treatment with sufonamides.

Actinomyces israelii

Gram positive filament anaerobic yellow sulfur granuleseproductive and GI flora. Causes oral/ facial abscess that drain through sinus tract. Often associated with dental caries.

Treatment with Penicillin

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Stain: Acid fast (ziehl neellsen) rod

Culture Lowenstein Jensen medium

Aerobic (predilection forn apices of the lung

after immunocompromise or TNF alpha

inhibitor use

intracellular facultative

Primary TB can lead to reactivation that can affect rest of cells spread via blood stream

Mycobacterium avian intracellulae

Acid fast intracellular facultative causes disseminated non TB disease in AID.

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum

Acid fast Intracellular facultative cervical lymphadenitis in children

Mycobacterium marinum

Acid fast -Intracellular facultative -hand infection in aquarium handlers

Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPD+

If current infection or past exposure

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis PPD-

No infection and immunocompromised patients.

Mycobacterium leprae

Acid fast (ziehl neellesen) rod

Intracellular facultative

likes cool Temps- cannot be grown in vitro

diagnosed via skin bossy or tissue PCR

Two forms

lepromatous- skin (can be lethal)

Treatment:clofazimine

Tuberculoid-lipid to a few hypothetic.

Treatment: dapsone and rifampin for tuberculoid form

Aerobes

Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bordetella

Anaerobes

Clostridium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,

Actinomyces israelii

Found in GI tract

Facultative anaerobes

Streptococci, Staphylococci and enteric gram negative bacteria

obligate intracellular bacteria

rickettsia, chlamydia, coxiella

Facultative intracellular bacteria

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella,

Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella,

Legionella, Yersinia pestis

Encapsulated Bacteria

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus

pneumoniaem, haemophilus influenzae type

b, Neisseria Meningitidis, Escherichia coli,

Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumonae, and group

b strep

Urease-positive

Proteus, Crptococcus, H pylori, Ureaplasma,

Nocardia, Klebsiella, S epidermidis, S

saprophyticus.

Catalase organisms

Nocardia, Staphylocci, Serratia, candida,

Liseteria, E coli, Burkholderia capacia,

Pseudomonas Aspergillus, Helicobacter

pylori, Bordetella Pertussis

Spore forming bacteria

B antiracist (anthrax) B cereus (food

poisoning), C botulinum (botulism), C difficile

(pseudomembranous colitis) C perfringens

(gas gangrene) C tetanus (tetanus)

Protein A bacteria

Staph auerues

Protein igA

Strep pneumoniae, Haemophilus infleunza type b and Neisseria

M protein

Group A streptococci

Alpha hemolytic bacteria

streptococcus pneumonia and viridian streptococci

b hemolytic bacteria

staph aureus, strept pyogenes (group A) strept agalactiase group b

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Gram negative rod. Encapsualted aerobic,

catalase positive. creates blue green pigment

(pyocyanin, pyoverdin). Creates biofilm in

cystic fibrosis lungs. ventilator associated

pneumonia and Contact lens keratitis

Haemophilus influenza (type b and non typeable

Gram negative pleomorphic. Encapsulated

type b. Culture: Chocolate agar (requires

factors V and X. Vaccines Hib conjugate. Non

typeable Otis media. Virulence factor:

Excretes IgA protease (cleaves IgA)

Neisseria meningitides

Gram negative Diplococci, intracellular

facultative. Encapsulated. Culture: Thayer

Martin agar (Vancomycin inhibits gram

positive, Trimethoprim and Colistin inhibit

gram negative bacteria, fungi with Nystatin)

Vaccines: Meningococcal conjugate

Virulence factor: igA protease

Escherichia Coli

Gram positive negative bacillus (enterics)

Encapsulated facultative anaerobe and

catalase positive. Culture EMB agar

(MacConkey agar as its enteric)

Most common cause of uncompleted UTI in

young females.

Legionella

intracellular facultative bacteria. Silver stain.

Culture Charcoal yeast extract medium that

requires cysteine and iron

Proteus

Gram negative urease positive which is

particularly known for struvtie stone

formation

Klebsiella

Gram negative enteric (facultative anaerobic)

and urease positive

Cryptococcus neoformans

Stain india ink and urease positive

Helicobacter pylori

Gram negative entericis catalase positive and

urease positive. Uses silver stain

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Enteric (gram stain negative rod) Facultative

anaerobic encapsulated

Bordetella pertussis

Gram negative bacteria, uses Bordet Gengous (potato) Regan-lowe (Charcoal, blood, antibiotic. Aerobic and catalase positive

Serretia maracescenes

Gram negative , red pigment and catalase positive

Candida

fungus, catalase positive, saboruad agar (starts with C)

Aspergillus

Fungus Catalse positive saboraud agar

Francisella

Gram negative (zoonotic) and facultative intracellular with F

Yersinia Pestis

Gram negative entrics, intracellular facultative

Coocidioides

Fungus and silver stain

trypanosomes

Giema stain that starts with T

Plasmodium

Giemsa stain parasite

Cryptosproduium

Protozoa that uses ziehl-neelsen

Borellia

Giema Stan (b)

Chlamydia

Obligate intracelllular Giemsa stain

Rickettsia

Obligate intracellular giemsa stain (starts with R)

Coxiella

intracellular obligate starts with C

Treponema

too thin to be stained

leptospira

too thin to be stain starts with L

Ureaplasma

No cell wall and is urease positive

Mycoplasma pneumonia

no cell wall, can’t be stained. Uses eaton agar that requires cholesterol

bacteriodes

Gram negative enteric and anaerobic

Fusobacterium

gram negative and anaerobic

Anaplasma

intracellular oblgate with A

Ehrilichia

obligate intracellular starts with E

Bartonella

zootopic gram stain negative intrecellular obligate with B

Tropheryma Whipplei

Stain (periodic acid schiff) Causes Whipple Disease

Salmonella

Gram negative rod. Facultative anaerobe, intracellular and encapsulated

Brucella

Gram negative zootopic . Facultative intracellular