Plant Science-Chapter 2: Plant Cells

state the tenants of the cell theory:

-all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

- the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms

- cells arise from pre-existing cells.

why is the cell theory significant to biology?

implies an evolutionary relationship between all life

what is the most abundant organic compound on earth?

cellulose

what is the primary cell wall composed of?

cellulose and other polysaccharides

what is the secondary cell wall composed of?

lignin

what type of plants have secondary cell walls?

cotton, wood, fibers

what is the function of the primary cell wall?

to protect and support the cell

what is the function of the secondary cell wall?

provides rigidity, strength, and movement of water

what is the middle lamella made of?

pectin

what is pectin?

a polysaccharide starch that is an active ingredient in jelly/jam

what is the function of the middle lamella?

it is sticky - holds neighboring cell walls together to form tissues

what is a protoplast?

structures within the cytoplasm

state the protoplast structures:

- plasma membrane

- nucleus

- organelles

- cytosol

what are plastids?

any of a class of small organelles, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.

state examples of plastids:

- chromoplasts

- chloroplasts

- leucoplasts

- amyloplasts

What are amyloplasts?

organelles responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules

what are leucoplasts?

plastid used for storage, usually starch

what is the function of chromoplasts?

imparts color to increase the rate of pollination

what is the function of chloroplasts?

Site of photosynthesis

state how the mitochondria and chloroplast are similar:

- ATP production

- have 2 or more membranes

- contain their own DNA

what is the function of vacuole crystals?

needle-like structures that act as protection against predators

what is the function of the central vacuole?

storage of various substances

why is the dumb cane, dumb?

temporary speechlessness that can occur after chewing a piece of the stem.

what is the function of the ER?

transport and protein synthesis (rough ER)

what is the function of the Golgi complex?

- process and packaging of proteins

- secretion

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

cell support and shape

what is the function of the plasmodesmata?

move materials between cells

what is the function of a proteasome?

disassemble proteins targeted for destruction

what is the function of tannosomes?

produce tannins

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

regulates passage of material into and out of the cell

what is the function of the nucleus?

- control center of the cell

- stores genetic information

- directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction

what is the function of the nucleolus?

ribosome formation

what is the function of ribosomes?

protein synthesis

what are the states of cell division?

-G1

-S

-G2

M

what occurs during G1?

- cell grows in size

- cell performs its normal function (metabolically active)

- organelles begin to increase in number

what occurs during S phase?

DNA replication

what occurs during G2?

- synthesis of proteins

- cell prepares for division

what is mitosis?

division of the nucleus