Coding

Bit

Smallest unit of data; 0 or 1

Byte

8 bits

Nibble

4 bits

Binary Number System

Base 2 number system

Decimal Number System

Base 10 number system

Octal Number System

Base 8 number system

Hexadecimal Number System

Base 16 number system

Binary

Data represented using 0s and 1s

Binary Alphabet

Letters encoded as binary

Machine Code

Binary instructions executed by the CPU

ASCII Code

Character encoding system using values 0–127

Megabyte (MB)

1,000 bytes

Gigabyte (GB)

1,000 megabytes

Terabyte (TB)

1,000 gigabytes

Petabyte (PB)

1,000 terabytes

Exabyte (EB)

1,000 petabytes

Correct Data Size Order

Bits → Bytes → Megabytes → Gigabytes → Terabytes → Petabytes → Exabytes

Megabytes in a Gigabyte

1000

Core Number System Used by Computers

Binary

Interpreter/Compiler Output

Binary

Hexadecimal Characters

0–9 and A–F

Hexadecimal Use

HTML color codes

6-bit Address System

64 unique addresses

Modulus (%)

Returns the remainder of division

++ Operator

Increases value by 1

-- Operator

Decreases value by 1

Assignment Operator (=)

Assigns a value

Equal Operator (==)

Checks equal value

Strict Equal (===)

Checks equal value and type

Not Equal (!=)

Checks values are not equal

Strict Not Equal (!==)

Checks value and type are not equal

AND (&&)

True if both conditions are true

OR (||)

True if at least one condition is true

NOT (!)

Reverses a boolean value

Integer

Whole number

Float

Fractional number

Decimal

Number containing a decimal point

String

Sequence of characters

Boolean

True or False

Date/Time Variable

Stores date and time

If Statement

Runs code if condition is true

Else Statement

Runs code if condition is false

elif

Allows multiple conditions

If/Else Choices

2

Switch / Case

Compares one variable to many values

Boolean Expression

Evaluates to true or false

If/Else Brackets

{ }

First Keyword in If/Else

if

Loop

Repeats code

While Loop

Repeats until condition becomes false

For Loop

Repeats a fixed number of times

Iteration

One pass through a loop

Iterative

Process involving repetition

Statement

Single instruction

Sequence

Instructions run in order

Conditional

Code path chosen by condition

Subroutine

Separate block of code

Nesting

Statements inside other statements

Indenting

Another name for nesting

Computer Program

Software running on an OS

Programming Language

System of symbols and rules

Source Code

Human-readable code

Object Code

Machine-readable code

High-Level Language

Abstracted, human-readable

Low-Level Language

Hardware-focused and efficient

Assembler

Converts low-level code to machine code

Compile

Translate before execution

Interpret

Translate during execution

Execute

Run instructions

Algorithm

Step-by-step problem-solving procedure

Pseudocode

Human-readable program description

Flowchart

Diagram of program logic

Linear Program Flow

Single path

Branch Program Flow

Multiple paths

Structured Programming

Readable, modular code

Prototype

Test model of a program

Bug

Program malfunction

Debug

Find and fix errors

Syntax Error

Violation of language rules

Run-time Error

Error during execution

Software

Instructions that control hardware

Hardware

Physical computer components

Operating System (OS)

Manages hardware and software

CPU

Executes instructions

RAM

Temporary memory

ROM

Permanent memory

Motherboard

Main circuit board

Hard Drive

Long-term storage

Power Supply

Provides power to system

Wireless Network

Network without cables

GUI

Graphical user interface

IDE

Integrated development environment

Workspace

Environment where code is developed

Event Handler

Runs when an event occurs

Data

Stored information

Input

Data entered into a system

Output

Result produced by a system

Pixel

Smallest unit of a display

IP Address

Identifies a network device

DNS

Translates website names to IP addresses