Membrane Potentials

ATP

What do cells use for energy

mitochondria

Where is ATP made

ATP

What do we need in order to live

ATP

renewable energy currency

In the bonds

In ATP Where is the energy

to make ATP

Why do we need O2

ATP

Builds ion gradients, contracts and relaxes muscle, and more

Osmosis

passive movement (diffusion) of water

Osmosis

simple diffusion of H2O molecules

Osmosis

Non-carrier-mediated transport (Passive)

Hypotonic solution

has a lower solute concentration

Isotonic solution

equal solute concentration

hypertonic solution

higher solute concentration

hypertonic solution

when the cell shrinks and water leaves the cell

isotonic solution

When water can move in and out of the cell at even rates; no net water flow; stable

hypotonic solution

when the cell swells and water rushes in the cell

hypotonic

solution would result in distilled water

hypertonic

solution would result in salt water

isotonic

solution would result in tap water

hypertonic

water moves into what areas

equilibrium

water will move until it reaches

passive diffusion movement

net movement of molecules and ions across a membrane from higher to lower concentration

passive diffusion

what movement requires NO (metabolic) energy

passive diffusion

movement that is generally bidirectional

Osmosis

For _ to occur, the membrane must be selectively permeable

passive diffusion movement

high to low

passive diffusion

spontaneous and nonspecific (moves equally in and out) movement

passive diffusion

Moves small, nonpolar and/or lipid soluble (can ally to large lipids)

passive diffusion movement

Moves O2 and CO2

carrier proteins or channel proteins

Facilitated diffusion uses what to passively transport hydrophilic molecules

facilitated diffusion

carrier mediated transport

facilitated diffusion

Allow something to move through a little portal without energy input

facilitated diffusion

movement that Needs Carriers

facilitated diffusion

specific(only lets 1 kind of ion move through), saturable, and competetive movement

facilitated diffusion

Moves polar and/or large molecules

facilitated diffusion

moves K+ and Cl-

Facilitated diffusion is specific

difference between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion

CO-transport

Uses stored energy gradients to move cargo

Co-transport

Direction can be from high to low or from low to high

Co transport

movement that is concentration gradient-powered

cotransport

specific and saturable movement

cotransport

always moves two things

cotransport

Na+/Glucose symporter

cotransport

Na+/Ca2+ antiporter

antiport

moving something in the opposite direction

symport

moving something in the same direction

electrochemical gradient

in Co transport what is so high it powers the movement of cargo

cotransport

glucose is primarily transported by

ATP

active transport requires what to build gradients

active transport

low to high movement

active transport

movement that uses ATP

active transport

specific, saturable, slow pumps

active transport

moves small, polar (charged especially), always TWO things

active transport

Moves Na+/K+ ATPase

active transport

Moves H+/K+ ATPase

ATP

ATPase breaks down

transporter

Na+/K+ ATPase uses a

H+/K+ ATPase

what makes stomach acid and doesn't want a charge

Na+/K+ ATPase

Pump that is critical in establishing and maintaining membrane potentials

enzyme

-ase

gradients

Na+/K+ ATPase establishes _ underlying excitable cells

extracellular fluid

in the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, the Na+ is more concentrated in the

cytoplasm

in the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, the K+ is more concentrated in the

3 out of the cell cytoplasm

How many Na+ does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump transport

2 into the cytoplasm

How many k+ does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump transport

against- needs energy

the Na+/K+ ATPase pump transport is active because they are both going the concentration gradient

excited

the Na+/K+ ATPase pump allows neurons and nerves to be

active and facilitated transport

Resting membrane potential is maintained by what

negative

Inside the cell is a net ___ charge

postive

outside the cell is a net _ charge

leaky

The Na+ pump is not

leaky

the K+ pump is pretty

charge

resting membrane potential is the difference in _ across the cell membrane at rest

membrane voltage

Concentration gradients establish

Nernst Equation

what explains how charge influences how ions move just as much as concentration gradient does

concentration and charge

what 2 factors drive ion movement

energy potential

limited movement=

rest; movement

The nernst equation sets up the ability to have a difference between ____ and _____

ion concentrations

what determines where ions go

opposite

opposite concentration gradients means Na+ and K+ have equilibrium potentials

+60

Voltage needs to be ____ mV for Na+ to reach equilibrium

concentration; charge

Ions are influences by own and _ of membrane

muscle contraction

myocyte action potentials allow

depolarizing

muscles contract by membranes

communicate

action potentials allow neurons to

membranes

neurons send signals by depolarizing

membranes

different mechanisms allow molecules to cross

membrane potential

stores energy in the form of a voltage difference across a membrane that is driven by ion concentrations

membrane potentials

neurons and muscles use what to do their jobs

simple diffusion through membrane channels.

The movement of water across a plasma membrane occurs by

B

Which of these statements about the facilitated diffusion of glucose is true?

A. There is a net movement from the region of lower to the region of higher concentration.

B. Carrier proteins in the plasma membrane are required for this transport.

C. This transport requires energy obtained from ATP.

D. It is an example of cotransport

The movement of Na+ out of a cell

If a poison such as cyanide stopped the production of ATP, which of the following transport processes would cease?