ANSC 3133 Exam 3

EPD stands for

expected progeny difference

Androgens

adrenal

testicular

PSS (malignant hyperthermia) is characterized by high lactic acid in muscle, increased glycolytic fibers, and leads to PSE meat. What gene is mutated in this syndrome?

RYR1 (halothane)

What is the amount of energy an animal receives from carbohydrates vs protein vs fat?

4.2 kcal/g for CHO and protein

9.45 kcal/g for fat

Paylean and Optaflexx are beta adrenergic agonists that are legal for finishing swine and beef cattle. What is the actual repartitioning agent in these products?

ractopamine

Repartitioning agents repartition nutrients from _______ to ___ synthesis.

fat to protein

The only hormone-like product permitted as a feed additive in the US is

melengesterol acetate

VFAs needed for proper ruminant function

acetic acid

butyric acid

propionic acid

Priority order of vital physiological systems for nutrients

brain --> heart --> intestine --> bone --> repro system --> muscle --> fat

hormone considers the main regulator of growth

IGF-1

Hormone produced in the hypothalamus, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine that inhibits GH release and thus is very important in growth hormone regulation

somatostatin

Hormone produced by the stomach and small intestine that induces hunger to increase food intake and also increases growth hormone secretion

ghrelin

Peptide hormone produced by adipose tissue that is a mediator of long-term regulation of energy balance and is a satiety hormone that suppresses food intake

leptin

changes in organisms caused my modification of gene expression responding to external factors rather than alteration of the genetic code itself is referred to as

epigenetics

Hormones used in implants administered to cattle

estradiol

progesterone

testosterone

trenbolone acetate

True or False: GH exerts its effects indirectly through binding to its receptor to stimulate lipolysis.

False

True or False: Intrinsic genetic factors are variations in the DNA sequence and can result from spontaneous mutations.

True

True or False: Callipyge lambs have increased numbers of total and glycolytic fibers and increase LEA on the muscle.

False

True or False: Nutrient restriction during the last trimester of gestation in cattle may decrease marbling and birth weight in the offspring.

True

True or False: Runt pigs are often the result of nutrient restriction during sow gestation. Runt pigs typically will have increased fat depth and decreased LEA.

True

True or False: In all livestock species, castrated males are intermediate to females in terms of growth.

False

True or False: Due to a mutation in myostatin gene, which encodes growth regulating factor myostatin, double muscled cattle have 50% more muscle fibers than those not expressing this gene.

False

True or False: It is important for young female children not to eat beef from cattle implanted with zeranol, because they will reach puberty much earlier due to estrogen intake.

False

True or False: Protein is the most important nutrient for proper growth and development of all livestock animals.

False

True or False: Beta-agonists are hormones because they bind adrenergic receptors.

False

True or False: Large frame animals will reach heavier live weights at a given compositional maturity or fat endpoint and are generally later maturing.

True

Autocrine

hormone from one cell that acts on itself or neighboring cell of the same type

Neurocrine

hormone is synthesized in cell body of neurons and stored in axons; secreted into bloodstream to act on relatively distant target cells

Paracrine

hormone from one cell conveyed to adjacent cell of different type via interstitial fluid

Intracrine

growth factor able to act intracellularly not requiring secretion

Endocrine

secreted by cells then transmitted via bloodstream to act on distant target cells

The typical growth curve for all animals is described as what shape?

sigmoidal

what are the physical components of growth and development?

bone, muscle/lean, fat

List two examples of extrinsic factors that can regulate gene expression through actions on the intrinsic machinery.

climate

stressors

nutrition

List five inherent factors affecting animal/carcass growth and composition.

1) species

2) sex

3) domestication

4) breed

5) type (maternal, terminal)

In sex classes of pigs, boars grow the fastest/largest, followed by

gilts

Blue Butt pigs are an F1 cross between what two breeds? Indicate which breed is terminal for meat and which is maternal for mothering ability.

yorkshire: maternal for mothering ability

hampshire: terminal for meat

Blue butt pigs are an example of

heterosis

____________ is the proportion of phenotypic variation resulting from additive genetic effects.

Heritability

_________/______ _____ indicate the performance of progeny is superior to the average of the parents for a trait.

Heterosis/Hybrid Vigor

_____________ are a group of stress hormones that act quickly in the fight or flight response to mobilize glycogen/glucose for energy.

catecholamines

Which two systems of the body are key regulators of growth and development?

nervous and endocrine

____________ ______ is the type of broth that may occur after a period of nutrient restriction is removed, and the growth rate may be higher than that exhibited during normal growth.

compensatory growth

Identify two traits that are lowly heritable.

1) Calving ease

2) early puberty/maturing

Identify two traits that are moderately heritable.

1) milking ability

2) weakening weight

Identify two traits that would be considered highly heritable.

1) LEA

2) marbling

Protein

insulin

Steroid

estradiol

Modified Amino Acid

epinephrine

Eicosanoid

PGF2a

Ionophores favor the production of which VFA?

propionic acid

Ionophores decrease the production of which gas?

methane

What are two benefits of ionophores?

1) increased feed efficiency

2) coccidiostat

Why is a VFD statement not necessary when using ionophores in animal feed?

not used in human medicine

What country identified the RN allele?

What breed of pig was the RN allele identified in?

hampshire

What dairy advertised that they treat their cows with love, not rBGH?

Kleinpeter

Pigs with this gene will have increased glucose uptake and more glycogen content in muscle fibers, high post-mortem lactic acid levels in meat, PSE meat, and decreased number and size of glycolytic muscle fibers.

Redement Napole

what are the chemical components of growth?

water

lipids

protein

True or False: EPD's can be used as an indication of the amount of progress in a mating system.

False

Hormones that need to travel to act on distant targets in the body do so through what type of transport conveyance?

endocrine

True or False: Growth hormone exerts its effects indirectly through binding to its receptor to stimulate lipolysis

false