Euro final

Bismark

• Famous for his role in German Unification

• Transformed smaller german states into the german empire 

Kaiser Wilhelm I

King of Prussia who was declared King of a united Germany on January 18, 1871

Kaiser Wilhelm II

• King of Germany who fired Bismarck in 1890

• the firing of Bismarck made all German treaties fall apart and chose Caprivi and Hohenlohe to help

• gave Austria a blank check

Caprivi

Chancellor of Germany starting in 1890

Hohenlohe

Made a list of 7 reasons why he was unqualified to be German Chancellor, age and poor memory. Was made chancellor anyways

Bulow

Chancellor who was a big supporter of Weltpolitik, thus significantly contributing to the outbreak of WW1

Dual Monarchy

• Usually referred to Austria- Hungary

Dual alliance (1879)

1879 Alliance between Germany and Austria

Reinsurance Treaty (1887)

• This lapsed when Bismarck was fired, leading to the creation of the Franco Russian Alliance

• treaty between Germany and Russia

Fashoda Crisis

• Great Britain and France almost went to war but avoided it through diplomatic means and formed their understanding

Franco-Russian Alliance

• name of treaty that ended France’s isolation in 1894

• Undermine the supremacy of the German Empire in Europe

“Entente Cordiale” (1904)

Friendly understanding between France and Britain/UK in 1904

First (1905) Moroccan Crisis

1905 conflict that increased conflict between Britain, France and Germany Diplomatic standoffs between France and Germany over Morocco

Second (1911) Moroccan Crisis

Diplomatic standoffs between France and Germany over Morocco. Second one led to the cession of “Neukamerun” to Germany as compensation

Bosnian Crisis of 1908

This crisis was caused by the crumbling of the Ottoman Empire, and Austria’s determination to grab the Balkans. Also was the same year of opening of Dardanelles

Sarajevo Crisis of 1914

• series of events that started with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

• Germany offers blank check, Austria offers ultimatum to Serbia, Serbia denies, Austria declares war

Berlin Conference

A meeting called by Bismarck in an attempt to avoid conflicts in the “Scramble for Africa” by establishing rules for the European land grab

Scramble for Africa

Conflict between Britain, who wanted north to south corridor, France, who wanted east to west corridor and Germany who just wanted SOMEthing

“place in the sun”

German desire to be respected on a world stage. Idea of Weltpolitik drove a desire for a strong navy to become a colonial power. Led to much conflict with other European powers

“Cape to Cairo”

British goal that involved controlling a strip of land and building a railroad from South Africa to Egypt

Pan-Slavism

• Idea for the Slavic whole into one nation

Austrian Ultimatum

Austrian demand of investigation into the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Triple Alliance/Central Powers

• Side of the war including Germany, Austria Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

• Mutual defense alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente/Allies

• Mutual Defense Alliance between France, Russia and Great Britain

• France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan

Blank Check

• Term of Wilhelm II giving unconditional support to Austria

Black Hand/ Pan-Slavism

• Name of Serbian terrorist organization that killed Franz Ferdinand

• Name of group/idea desiring united Slavic Nation

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination by the Black Hand sparked WW1 in Europe on June 28th, 1914

Imperialism

• This cause of World War II resulted from the competition among European nations for colonies in Africa and Asia from 1880-1914. This created tension, especially between Germany and Great Britain.

Alliances

• Two major alliances formed the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, England, Russia). This alliance system made world war likely, by drawing all countries into a small war.

Militarism

• building up strong armed forces to prepare for war.

Nationalism

• emotional feeling of attachment and pride in one's country.

Culture of Violence

• added to by dueling and men wanting to go to war

Industrialization

• Cooler, better weapons. Killed soldiers easily

August Days

• period of intense nationalism in German cities

• Spontaneous parades

Schlieffen plan

• German plan to sweep into Paris before taking Russia

• goal was to prevent a two front war

• had caveats like Russia  mobilizing too fast and Berlin putting up a fight

Trench Warfare

• warfare fought… in trenches

• Due to invention of machine gun and heavy artillery

• No man's land

“War of Attrition”

• Offense weaker than defense; war of better resources/grind

• generally just which country can outlast each other the longest

1^st Battle of the Marne

• one of first Western battles; Parisian taxis used

Battle of the Somme

• Britain & France vs. Germany → Germany loses. Heavy losses

• deadliest Western front battle of WW1; tanks used for the first time

U-boats

• Submarines used by the Germans in sea warfare, to attack British and American supply ships in the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean

Zeppelins

More effect psychologically in war rather than physically

Airplanes

• would have been more useful if bombs were able to be thrown out of them more effectively

Tanks

• first used in the Battle of the Somme

• developed so soldiers could travel across no man’s land

• ineffective until WW2

Chemical Weapons

• Starts with French’s creation of tear gas grenades in 1912, was so dangerous that they were banned after the war -> most common gasses used were chlorine/mustard gas, developed to combat trench warfare

Medical Advancements

• Notable work of Marie Curie - invention of the mobile x-ray

• Anna Coleman Ladd - work in prosthetics and PTSD (shell shock) during battle of the somme 

Anglo-Russian Entente

Convention where Britain and Russia settle their disputes → begin working together

Naval Race

1898 - 1912, Germany and Britain compete for naval supremacy

Naval blockade

• Strategy of bringing German economy to its knees

Unrestricted submarine warfare

• German policy of sinking all ships without warning using submarines during WW1 

Zimmermann telegram

• Message from Germany to Mexico intercepted by the British, promising Mexico parts of the US in exchange for opening a southern front against the US. Indicated a restart of unrestricted submarine warfare

German “war socialism”

Control of essential industries by the German military government

Burgfrieden

• This phrase means “fortress peace” and requested for Germany to put aside their differences

Kiel uprising

• Revolt by sailors of the German High seas. Threat against the wartime military command in Kiel

• led to German revolution

TE Lawrence

Arab Revolt. Palestine Campaign during the First World War

Georges Clemenceau

French Prime Minister, wanted Germany punished badly

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty regarding Germany and the clause that put blame on it.

Article 231

Germans accept responsibility for war and pay financial reparations to Allies

14 Points

• Post WW1 Plan by President Wilson in 1918. Self determination. Freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

League of Nations

• U.S didn’t join, even though Woodrow Wilson came up with the idea

• This intergovernmental organization lasted from 1919-1946, was founded after the Paris Peace Conference. It did not work effectively to prevent WW11

Treaty of London 1915

• Secret agreement between Italy and the Allies (France, UK and Russia) during WWI

• Italy was promised territorial gains at the expense of Austria Hungary

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

• Peace Agreement signed March 3, 1918 between Bolshevik gov of Russia and Central Powers. Ended Russia's participation in WW1

Spanish Influenza

• Also known as Spanish Flu 1918-1919

• Global pandemic that infected ⅓ of world's population and 50 million deaths

Armenian Genocide

• Systematic mass killing and expulsion of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire for 1915-1917

Peter Fritzsche (Historian)

• Describes German parades, the August Days, and socialists not showing up 

Jay Winter (Historian)

• An American Historian specializing in WW1 that discussed the memory/effect of the war

Robert Massie (Historian)

• Historian describes failures of diplomacy and focuses on the personalities of people involved 

• American Historian and author known for biography of Russian Tsars

• Nicholas and Alexandra and Peter the Great: His life and world,

AJP Taylor

British “historian”. Blamed Germany

Battles of Tannenberg and Battle of Masurian Lakes

Two battles in East Prussia, 1914 - Ludendorff won astoundingly

Bureau of Propaganda

• also known as Wellington House

• was an official British agency to put out propaganda

French system of prostitution

• Brothel’s were registered with the government for soldiers' sexual pleasure, brothel’s banned from UK - STD’s were most prominent illnesses so prostitution got restricted

• Khaki Fever - women “fangirling” over soldiers -> caused a bad view of women and sexuality

Weltpolitik

• aggressive foreign policy/expansion of the German navy 

• search for colonies