Geography - REGENERATION case studies

Chosen place

Liverpool- slowly improving city- rebranding and reimaging

Urban Unsuccessful place 1

Teesside- deindustrialisation led to spiral of decline. Plans for industrial regeneration

Unsuccessful urban place 2

Rust Belt - eg Detroit - deindustrialisation led to spiral of decline

Unsuccessful rural place

Camborne Corridor (cornwall) - deprivation unemployment crime

Local Place

Morecambe - rundown forgotten seaside resort - due to globalisation + cheap flights

Regeneration - heritage and culture

Albert Docks - derelict area restored to attract visitors and investors , preserves heritage somewhat

Regeneration - Retail

Liverpool One - redevelopment of brownfield site , attracts visitors and investors

Regeneration - sport

London Olympics 2012- redevelopment of brownfield site - legacy not long lasting - doesn't benefit locals

Regeneration- geoheritage/rural restructuring

North Antrim Coast - successful regeneration of geoheritage site attracts visitors and investors and benefits local economy

Regeneration- rebranding and reimaging

Glasgow- combat negative perceptions and attract visitors for city breaks - scotland with style , people make glasgow

Rural Regeneration - literary heritage

Beatrix Potter, Wordsworth- preserves culture and attracts visitors

Regeneration - media and culture

Salford Quays- redevelopment of brownfield site arguably more benefits for investors than locals - loss of heritage? (salford docklands)

Government led regeneration (negative)

HS2 - massive spending of taxpayer money - original link to the north never completed - increased capacity in south

Community tensions

Toxteth riots - racial tensions , unemployment , deprivation , poor perceptions

Impact of government policy

Austerity - cut public spending -decrease in quality of public services , unemployment due to lack of public sector jobs

Rural regeneration - farm diversification

Low Sizergh Barn - farm shop , raw milk , etc

Rural regeneration - outdoor pursuits

Honister slate mines , Go ape , zip world , etc , kielder forest - successful economically - but can lead to environmental degradation and loss of local heritage

Rural regeneration - specialised products

Cartmel sticky toffee pudding - attracts visitors - contributes to local economy - improved perceptions

Successful place

San Francisco Bay Area (silicon valley) - many HQ's of TNC's and tech companies based there. Shortage of high skilled workers and high cost of living.

what caused population decline in glasgow in late 20th century ?

cheap labour from abroad

deindustrialisation

mass unemployment

high levels of urban decay

large areas of poor social housing

what were the main features of glasgows rebranding scheme?

changing the city’s image through flagship development eg titan crane redeveloped into tourist attraction

what strategic investment took place in glasgow?

investment in burrell collection , new art gallery,

new international concert hall

how did industry in glasgow change from rebranding project?

scotlands largest retail centre

tourism industry

what were the gorbals like before the housing regeneration?

tenement blocks built to house industrial workers

very overcrowded

what were the gorbals replaced with ?

high rise towers which became run down with many people receiving benefits and high drug rates

what was the gorbals like after the initial regeneration?

unemployment and poverty was rife

‘no go’ area with a reputation for being one of the most dangerous areas in the uk

what was the second regeneration of the gorbals like?

new developments with wide boulevards and trees - residents actively involved with redevelopment

new high street, new shops and new mixed community of bought and rented housing

what was glasgows rebranding slogan ?

people make glasgow - highlights that its the people that live and work there that make it great

Historical Context (Part 1)

- Began as a small fishing port on the Mersey estuary, but grew rapidly from 1700 as a result of the Atlantic Slave Trade
- imports from the slave trade grew e.g Tate & Lyle sugar refinery
- City continued to grow after abolition of slave trade as a major port for trading with the Americas
- Was an important emigration gateway for people wishing to leave to other countries (USA, Canada, Australia)

Historical Context (Part 2)

Large influxes of Irish people into Liverpool as a result of the 19th century potato famine
- Migration from China, The Caribbean & Indian sub-continent

Cultural Context liverpool

- rich history of music & poetry (The Beatles & Roger McGough) , - two Premier League football teams (Liverpool & Everton)
- Awarded the European capital of culture in 2008, hence transformation with major investment

Causes of the decline since the 1930s (Part 1) liverpool

- Decline of 19th century industries in hinterland (the docks) ; less exports
- Modern industries were clustered in the south east of the UK and greenfield sites
- Decline in shipping movements to the Americas and the Old Empire.

Causes of the decline since the 1930s (Part 2) liverpool

- Port-based industries using imported raw materials such as sugar refining also declined.
- Increased trade with Europe meant that ports in the East and South of the UK were better located.
- The 19th century docks were too small and shallow to take modern general and container shipping

Containerisation impact on liverpool

- older docks were unsuitable; a port was established at Seaforth further along the mersey estuary.
- Unemployment grew ; fewer dockers were required

large impact on the cityscape; certain areas were now derelict and run down (such as Toxteth)

Results of the decline (Part 1) liverpool

- serious decline by 1981; abandoned, derelict docks which were silted up and unusable
- Most housing that remained consisted of 19th century back-to-back terraces in poor conditions
- The clearance of bomb-damaged areas after WWII was replaced with poorly built tower blocks
- Liverpool's population continued to decline in the 70's so less housing was needed; hence many of the tower blocks were demolished in the 80's

Results of the decline (Part 2) liverpool

- Unemployment grew as work in the docks dried up, as did jobs in the port industries; led to feelings of alienation and hopelessness between locals
- The UK was again in recession by the early 1980s; feelings of resentment from locals blew up in the 1981 summer which lead to the Toxteth Riots

1981 Toxteth Riots liverpool

- Liverpudlians, of mainly West Indian descent, fought running battles with the police
- Liverpool was now considered one of the poorest cities in Europe at this time , along with Naples in Italy
- The riots highlighted the problems of inner city Liverpool and was a large catalyst for urban redevelopment in the city

Early Regeneration (Part 1) liverpool

Top down approach:
- The Merseyside Development Corporation was created in 1981 following the riots and pioneered the renovation of the central dockland area
- 1988 Redevelopment of the Albert Docks ; the flagship development for the MDC; important tourist attraction

Early Regeneration (Part 2) liverpool

Bottom up approach:
- 1989 Eldonian Village - a new-build housing co-operative for the less well off; situated in Vauxhall near the city centre, was an area of poor housing conditions
- Cathedral Development; situated in Toxteth, small-scale housing development in the late 80's for cathedral staff, as well as low-rent social housing.

Recent Regeneration Plans (Part 1) liverpool

- Liverpool's Waterfront was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004 - historic importance; over 4 million tourists each year
- £19 million cruise liner terminal has been built in Princes Dock
- The re-building of the Museum of Liverpool Life which cost over £70 million

Recent Regeneration Plans (Part 2) liverpool

- Liverpool One Project; cost over £1 billion, all of which was raised in the private sector
- Overall, nearly £4 billion has been invested into the regeneration of the city

why did deindustrialisation occur in the rust belt

due to the global shift, mechanisation and lower wages in SE USA and mexico

costs of HS2

high economic cost - money could be spent elsewhere
displacement and disruption to places along the route
destruction of natural habitat eg Chilterns

Benefits of HS2

enhanced capacity
attracting FDI and stimulating growth
boosts connectivity
job creation in construction and stations
less car travel so fewer CO2 emissions

strategies used in Queen Elizabeth Park urban regeneration (olympics 2012)

Sports led
property led - athletes village would become East village with 2800 homes
transport led - new stratford international station and elizabeth tube line

environmental successes of QEP (olympics) regeneration

250 acres of new parkland
contaminated soil cleaned up
improved public transport leads to fewer CO2 emissions

Economic successes of QEP

better transport connections
£9.3 bn invested in local infrastructure

social benefits of QEP

job creation during and after olympics
33000 homes planned by 2026 - but only a quarter are affordable
cycle and pedestrian friendly urban parkland

priorities of national govt regarding QEP

higher global status for UK
tourism income
tax revenue

priorities of local council regarding QEP

housing, employment, skills, transport, sports amenities

what subcategories can local resident stakeholders of QEP be split up into

renters - rent increased due to high demand
homeowners - sold up when olympic buzz was high
younger residents - generally welcomed economic, social and cultural revitalisation

strategies used in North Antrim rural regeneration

sports led - portstewart golf course
travel led - promotion of causeway coastal route
heritage led - giants causeway including £18m visitor centre
diversification led - farms diversify into adventure led tourism
food led - local food at causeway market, coleraine

environmental successes of North Antrim coast regeneration

failure of Bushmills Dunes golf resort
Giants causeway UNESCO status, AONB , 90% of land owned by NT
NT visitor centre designed to be unobtrusive in nearby hillside
but restricted access to causeway

economic successes on North Antrim coast

diversified farms thriving
tourism increase esp at giants causeway - however it can be fickle + seasonal
failure of bushmills dunes golf - less potential jobs and income - but maybe more tourists come that the golf course would have put off

how have local communities been impacted by North Antrim regeneration

younger residents - generally welcome new job opportunities
small business owners - pleased in peak tourist times
conservationists - form protest groups against golf course development

criteria for success of local antrim council

encourage visitors to stay longer than a day trip, circulating money in the local economy
employment
transport