Chapter 6 - The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology

Deviance

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative or positive

Innovators

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them

Ritualists

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means

Rebels

individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means

Social Control

the formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion

Differential Association Theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

Labeling Theory

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person

Primary Deviance

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

Secondary Deviance

in labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

Tertiary Deviance

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true

Stigma

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction

Passing

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to

In-group Orientation

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity

Outsiders

according to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society

Deviance Avowal

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process

Cyberbullying

the use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone

Pilfering

stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again

Crime

a violation of a norm that has been codified into law

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

an official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies

Violent Crime

crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery

Property Crime

crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

White Collar Crime

crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation

Deterrence

an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

Retribution

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

Incapacitation

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

Rehabilitation

an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals by imprisoning or executing them

Criminal Justice System

a collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws

Capital Punishment

the death penalty

Positive Deviance

actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic

What is the normalcy of deviance mean

Deviance is an inevitable part of society

What are the functions of deviance

Maintenance of the status quo, motivate social change, and increases conformity

What is mechanical solidarity

Where everyone works together as a machine, but without one part of the machine the whole thing fails

What is collective vengeance

Where everyone in the group shame someone to put them out of the group

What is organic solidarity

Becoming more complex and specialize in different niches

What is restituitive social sanctions

Being punished then invited back into a group

What is social integration

How do you as an individual integrate into society

What is social regulation

How restrictive is your society

What are the four types of suicide

Egoistic - when you don't feel connected to the group

Altruistic - when there so much integration, that the individual feels the need to remove themselves

Anomic- when people want to be part of the group but there are no set rule to define what the group is supposed to be like

Fatalistic dish when there so much regulation, then there is no sense of freedom