Chapter 1(2): toxicity and deficiencies

What are the food sources for the water soluble vitamin B1?

fortified grains, eggs, pork, and fish

What is the name of the deficiency disease/ conditon for vitamin B1? Also include the symptoms.

Beri-Beri, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome. usually secondary to alcohol abuse.symptoms: confusion and loss of mental capacity

What is the name of the deficiency disease/ conditon for vitamin B2? Also include the symptoms.

Ariboflavinosis. symptoms: cracking of lips, inflammation, and redness of tounge

What are the food sources for the water soluble vitamin B2?

dairy, eggs, and organ meats

List and compare the toxicity condittions/symptoms of water soluble vitamins B1 and B2.

None; No UL(Tolerable Upper Intake Level)

What are the toxcitiy conditions/symptoms of vitamin B3?

over supplementation of vitamin B3. symptoms: niacin flushing; redness of skin with tingiling or burning

what are the toxicity conditions/ symptoms of vitamin B5?

rare, can only be toxic via supplementation , no UL(tolerable upper level intake). symptoms: interfere with niacin absorption

what are the toxicity conditions/ symptoms of vitamin B6?

rare, supplements only, UL is established. symptoms: unsteady gait, neuropathy(due to loss of myelination and sensory fibers in nerves)

what are the toxicity conditions/ symptoms of vitamin B7?

None; no UL

what are the toxicity conditions/ symptoms of vitamin B9?

rare; UL is established in fortified foods and supplements. symptoms: associated with insomnia and GI distress. cancer promotion???

what are the toxicity conditions/ symptoms of vitamin B12?

very rare; supplements only; no UL

what are the toxicity conditions/ symptoms of water soluble vitamin C?

hypervitaminosis C; 2g/day. symptoms: abdominal pain osmotic diarrhea: kidney stones: one of the metabolites of vitamin C is oxalate, which is a main component of kidney stones

What are the food sources of fat soluble vitamin A?

Leafy green vegetables, orange and yellow vegetables, beef, liver, and eggs

What is the common deficiency disease/conditions for fat soluble vitamin A and its symptoms?

Dietary hypovitaminosis A; night blindness, thickened corneas, hyperkeratosis-thickened skin, blisters, red patches

What are the food sources for fat soluble vitamin D?

fortified orange juice, cod liver oil, salmon, and UV light

what are the diseases/conditions for fat soluble vitamin D? Also list the symptoms.

Rickets(children): stunted growth, bone fractures, muscle cramps, teeth deformities, Osteomalacea/hypovitaminosis D(adults): joint pain, muscle weakness, compressed vertebrae, weak/soft bones

List the food sources for fat soluble vitamin E.

wheatgerm, sunflower seeds, and almonds

What are deficiency diseases/conditions for vitamin E and what are the symptoms?

Hypovitaminosis E. symptoms: motor control and movement problems(ataxia), slurred speech, difficulty coordinating movments, numbness in hands and feet, retinopathy

what are the food sources for fat soluble vitamin K?

kale and other leafy green vegetables; fermented soybeans, soybean and canola oil

what is the deficiency disease/conditions for vitamin K?List the common symptoms.

Hypovitaminosis K; Hemorrhagic disease of newborn. symptoms: bruising and bleeding, low body weight, slow increase in height, increased bleeding often life threating

what is the toxicity conditions for fat soluble vitamin A?

hypervitaminosis A; UL established for retinol, but not beta carotene as conversion is regulated; blurry vision, dry skin, bone pain, nausea and vommiting

What is the toxcity conditions for fat soluble vitamin D?

hypervitaminosis D; UL established for supplements; skin synthesis is regulated; hypercalcemia; anorexia; irregular heartbeat

What is the toxcity conditions for fat soluble vitamin E?

hypervitaminosis E, UL established; some concerns about increased health risks with vitamin E supplements

What is the toxcity conditions for fat soluble vitamin K?

hypervitaminosis K(rare) no UL; supplements only; jaundice; hyperbilirubinemia

State whether calcium is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

macro-mineral. Deficiency disease: Rickets(especially in children) where cartilage/bone plate is affected: pain, stunted growth, teeth deformities. Hypocalcemia: asymptomatic to severe symptoms: numbness and tingling, muscle spasms. Osteroperosis(decreased minerals in bone):diffuse joint and bone pain, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, compressed vertebrae.

State whether phosphorous is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

macro-mineral. reefeding syndrome: caused during tube feeding Hypophosphatemia: muscle weakness, fatigue, bone pain, bone fractures, appetite loss, irrability

State whether magnesium is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

macro-mineral. hypomagnesemia: results in hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, arrhythmias

State whether sodium is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

macro-mineral. hyponatremia: nausea, vommiting, headache, seizures, coma

State whether pottasium is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

macro-mineral. hypokalemia: cardiac arrhythmias, muscle cramps and spasms, tingling and numbness

State whether chloride is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

macro-mineral. deficiency/disease=n/a

State whether iron is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

micro/trace mineral deficiency. Iron-deficiency anemia: extreme fatigue, weakness, pale skin

State whether zinc is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

micro/trace mineral. zinc deficiency(rare): dermatitis

State whether iodine is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

micro/trace mineral. Iodine deficiency disorder:Goiter: swelling at the neck, unexpected weight gain, hypothyroidism

State whether manganese is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

micro/trace mineral: manganese deficiency(rare): poor bone growth, slow growth

State whether flouride is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

micro/trace mineral. dietary flouride deficiency:dental caries and osteoperosis

State whether cobalt is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

ultra trace mineral. B12 deficiency: megaloblastic anemia. if you have cobalt deficiency, then you have Vitamin B12 deficiency

State whether selenium is a macro, micro/trace, or ultra trace mineral. List its common deficiency diseases and symptoms.

Keshan disease: selenium dietary deficiency with Coxsackievirus infection: weakness of the heart. Kashin-Beck Disease: selenium and iodine deficiency; endemin in some parts of Tibet and China: osteoarthopathy and impaired thyroid function

State calcium mineral toxcity diseases and symptoms:

Hypercalcemia; deposition of Ca2+ in soft tissues, kidney stones

State phosphorus mineral toxcity diseases and symptoms:

chronic hyperphosphatemia-”CAT go numb”: Convulsions, Arrythmias, Tetany, and numbness