History - pacts + agreements.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Peace treaty with Germany after WWI. Imposed harsh reparations, territorial losses (e.g. Alsace-Lorraine to France), military restrictions, and war guilt clause. Sparked German resentment.

Treaty of St Germain (1919)

Austria lost territory to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Anschluss with Germany banned. Weakened Austrian economy.

Treaty of Neuilly (1919)

Bulgaria lost land to Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia. Had to reduce its army and pay reparations.

Treaty of Trianon (1920)

Hungary lost two-thirds of its territory to surrounding countries. Significant economic and social impact.

Treaty of Sèvres (1920)

Ottoman Empire lost land to Britain and France (mandates in Middle East). Led to nationalist backlash and was later replaced.

Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

Reversed Sèvres. Recognised modern Turkey’s borders. Turkey regained control over key areas.

Washington Naval Conference (1921–22)

Limited naval capacity among major powers (US, UK, Japan). Aimed at preventing arms race.

Rapallo Treaty (1922)

Restored diplomatic ties between Germany and USSR. Both renounced financial claims; secret military cooperation.

Dawes Plan (1924)

US loans to Germany, restructured reparations payments. Helped stabilise the German economy.

Locarno Pact (1925)

Germany accepted western borders; improved Franco-German relations. Boosted hopes for peace.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

65 nations renounced war as a foreign policy tool. Lacked enforcement; symbolic of interwar optimism.

Young Plan (1929)

Reduced Germany’s reparations by about 75% and extended the payment period.

Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932–34)

Aimed to reduce armaments globally. Failed due to lack of trust, especially after Hitler withdrew Germany in 1933.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)

Raised US tariffs to protect domestic industry. Made it harder for Europe to export goods and repay war debts.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Increased US import tariffs. Damaged international trade and worsened the global economic crisis.

Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935)

Allowed Germany to build a navy up to 35% of Britain’s. Undermined Versailles Treaty.

Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)

Informal alliance between Italy and Germany. Marked closer cooperation between fascist regimes.

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)

Germany and Japan (later Italy) agreed to oppose communism and the USSR.

Anschluss (1938)

Union of Austria and Germany. Forbidden by Versailles. No action from Britain/France.

Munich Agreement (1938)

Britain and France allowed Germany to annex Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. Hitler promised no further expansion.

Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)

Germany and USSR agreed not to attack each other. Secret protocol divided Eastern Europe. Enabled invasion of Poland.

Yalta Conference (Feb 1945)

Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) agreed on UN formation, division of Germany, and Eastern Europe elections.

Potsdam Conference (July 1945)

Finalised post-war arrangements. Rising tensions between USSR and USA over Eastern Europe.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

US pledged to support countries resisting communism. First applied in Greece and Turkey.

Marshall Plan (1947)

US financial aid to rebuild Europe and prevent spread of communism. USSR rejected it.

Cominform (1947)

Organisation to coordinate communist parties under Soviet leadership. Response to Marshall Aid.

Comecon (1949)

Soviet-led economic bloc to support communist countries. Opposed the Marshall Plan.

NATO (1949)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Collective defence pact against Soviet threat.

Warsaw Pact (1955)

Soviet response to NATO. Military alliance of Eastern Bloc countries.