History - pacts + agreements.

IGCSE History Flashcards: Key Agreements, Acts, Pacts, and Treaties

Front: Treaty of Versailles (1919) – Theme: Post-WWI peace settlement
Back: Peace treaty with Germany after WWI. Imposed harsh reparations, territorial losses (e.g. Alsace-Lorraine to France), military restrictions, and war guilt clause. Sparked German resentment.

Front: Treaty of St Germain (1919) – Theme: Treaty with Austria
Back: Austria lost territory to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Anschluss with Germany banned. Weakened Austrian economy.

Front: Treaty of Neuilly (1919) – Theme: Treaty with Bulgaria
Back: Bulgaria lost land to Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia. Had to reduce its army and pay reparations.

Front: Treaty of Trianon (1920) – Theme: Treaty with Hungary
Back: Hungary lost two-thirds of its territory to surrounding countries. Significant economic and social impact.

Front: Treaty of Sèvres (1920) – Theme: Treaty with Ottoman Empire
Back: Ottoman Empire lost land to Britain and France (mandates in Middle East). Led to nationalist backlash and was later replaced.

Front: Treaty of Lausanne (1923) – Theme: Redrawing Turkish borders
Back: Reversed Sèvres. Recognised modern Turkey’s borders. Turkey regained control over key areas.

Front: Washington Naval Conference (1921–22) – Theme: Naval disarmament
Back: Limited naval capacity among major powers (US, UK, Japan). Aimed at preventing arms race.

Front: Rapallo Treaty (1922) – Theme: German-Soviet relations
Back: Restored diplomatic ties between Germany and USSR. Both renounced financial claims; secret military cooperation.

Front: Dawes Plan (1924) – Theme: Economic recovery for Germany
Back: US loans to Germany, restructured reparations payments. Helped stabilise the German economy.

Front: Locarno Pact (1925) – Theme: European diplomacy
Back: Germany accepted western borders; improved Franco-German relations. Boosted hopes for peace.

Front: Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – Theme: Outlawing war
Back: 65 nations renounced war as a foreign policy tool. Lacked enforcement; symbolic of interwar optimism.

Front: Young Plan (1929) – Theme: Reparations
Back: Reduced Germany’s reparations by about 75% and extended the payment period.

Front: Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932–34) – Theme: Disarmament failure
Back: Aimed to reduce armaments globally. Failed due to lack of trust, especially after Hitler withdrew Germany in 1933.

Front: Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) – Theme: US isolationism
Back: Raised US tariffs to protect domestic industry. Made it harder for Europe to export goods and repay war debts.

Front: Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) – Theme: Great Depression
Back: Increased US import tariffs. Damaged international trade and worsened the global economic crisis.

Front: Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) – Theme: Appeasement
Back: Allowed Germany to build a navy up to 35% of Britain’s. Undermined Versailles Treaty.

Front: Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) – Theme: Fascist alliance
Back: Informal alliance between Italy and Germany. Marked closer cooperation between fascist regimes.

Front: Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) – Theme: Anti-communism
Back: Germany and Japan (later Italy) agreed to oppose communism and the USSR.

Front: Anschluss (1938) – Theme: Nazi expansion
Back: Union of Austria and Germany. Forbidden by Versailles. No action from Britain/France.

Front: Munich Agreement (1938) – Theme: Appeasement
Back: Britain and France allowed Germany to annex Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. Hitler promised no further expansion.

Front: Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) – Theme: Strategic alliance
Back: Germany and USSR agreed not to attack each other. Secret protocol divided Eastern Europe. Enabled invasion of Poland.

Front: Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) – Theme: Post-war planning
Back: Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) agreed on UN formation, division of Germany, and Eastern Europe elections.

Front: Potsdam Conference (July 1945) – Theme: Tensions emerge
Back: Finalised post-war arrangements. Rising tensions between USSR and USA over Eastern Europe.

Front: Truman Doctrine (1947) – Theme: Containment
Back: US pledged to support countries resisting communism. First applied in Greece and Turkey.

Front: Marshall Plan (1947) – Theme: Economic aid
Back: US financial aid to rebuild Europe and prevent spread of communism. USSR rejected it.

Front: Cominform (1947) – Theme: Soviet control
Back: Organisation to coordinate communist parties under Soviet leadership. Response to Marshall Aid.

Front: Comecon (1949) – Theme: Communist economics
Back: Soviet-led economic bloc to support communist countries. Opposed the Marshall Plan.

Front: NATO (1949) – Theme: Western military alliance
Back: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Collective defence pact against Soviet threat.

Front: Warsaw Pact (1955) – Theme: Soviet military alliance
Back: Soviet response to NATO. Military alliance of Eastern Bloc countries.