Zygapophyseal Joints, Fifth (5th) Lumbar, Lumbosacral & Sacral joints, Pubic Symphysis, Sacrum, Coccyx

ZPJ: AP Oblique projection: Ppx, SS

Ppx: RPO/LPO, body rot. 45-60° (L5-S1 ZPJ = CAPO)

SS: Scottie dog

Superior articular process (ear)

Transverse process (nose)

Pedicle (eye)

Part interarticularis (neck)

Lamina (body)

Inferior articular process (foot)

ZPJ: PA Oblique projection: Ppx, SS

Ppx: RAO/LAO, body rot. 45-60° (L5-S1 ZPJ = PAOF)

SS: Scottie dog

Superior articular process (ear)

Transverse process (nose)

Pedicle (eye)

Part interarticularis (neck)

Lamina (body)

Inferior articular process (foot)

5th Lumbar: Kovacs Method: PA Axial Oblique projection: Ppx, RP, CR, SS

Ppx: Lat. recumbent, RAO/LAO, pelvis rot. 30° ant.

RP: L5

CR: 15-30° caud

SS: L5 IVF (PAOF)

LS-Sacral jt.: Ferguson Method: AP Axial projection: RP, CR

RP: 1.5 “ super. to pubic symphysis

CR: 45° ceph (Ferguson); 30-35° ceph; 30° (Male), 35° (Female)

LS-Sacral jts.: Ferguson Method: PA Axial projection: CR

CR: 35° caud

Sacroiliac jts.: AP Oblique projection: Ppx, SS

Ppx: RPO/LPO, body rot. 25-30°

SS: Sacroiliac jt. (FAPO)

For PA Oblique, just reverse and the SS is Sacroiliac jt. (PAOC)

Sacroiliac jt.: AP Axial oblique: Ppx, CR

Ppx: RPO/LPO, 25-30°

CR: 20-25° ceph

Pubic Symphysis: Chamberlain Method: PA projection: Rationale

Rationale: Chamberlain recomm.: for abnormal sacroiliac motion

Sacrum: AP/PA Axial projection: RP, CR, SS

RP: 2 “ super. to pubic symphysis (supine); visible sacral curve (prone)

CR: 15° ceph (supine), 15° caud (prone)

SS: AP Axial (Sacrum), PA Axial (Sacrum w/o foreshortening)

Sacrum: Lateral projection: Ppx, RP

Ppx: Lat. recumbent, interiliac plane perpen. to IR

RP: 3.5 “ post. to ASIS

Coccyx: AP/PA Axial projection: CR, SS

CR: AP Axial - 10° caud (supine)

PA Axial - 10° ceph (prone)

SS: Coccyx free of superimposition

Coccyx: