Human anatomy - week 1

macroscopic anatomy

Structure and the parts of body that can be seen with unaided eyes

surface anatomy

The external body

Regional anatomy

Specific regions of the body

Systemic anatomy

Specific organ systems

Microscopic anatomy

Structure and parts of body that can only be seen through the aid of a microscope

Examples of microscopic anatomy

Histology and Cytology

Levels of structure organisation and body system

1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organism

Chemical level

Basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

Cellular level

Basic structural and functional units of an organism composed of chemicals

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

4 primary tissues

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Nervous tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Connective

11 systems of the body

1. skeletal
2. reproductive
3. urinary
4. muscular
5. endocrine
6. nervous
7. integumentary
8. cardiovascular
9. respiratory
10. digestive
11. lymphatic

Directional terms

Used to describe the relative locations of the body parts

Connective tissue

Occurs throughout the body, supporting and binding tissues and are also found in between organs.

stores energy as fat

help provide the body with immunity to disease-causing organisms

support

transportation

Epithelial tissue

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts, also forms glands. The tissue allows the body to interact with its external and internal environment

Muscular tissue

Composed of cells specialised for contraction and generation of force - in the process muscular tissue generates heat that warms the body

Nervous tissue

Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions

Organ

A collection of two or more tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function

Organ system

A group of physiologically or anatomically complementary organs or parts

Identify 1

Superior - cranial

Identify 2

Distal

Identify 3

Distal

Identify 4

Medial

Identify 5

Lateral

Identify 6

Inferior - caudal

Identify 7

Proximal

Identify 8

Proximal

Anterior

Front of body

Posterior

Back of body

Axial

Head, neck and trunk

Appendicular

Upper + lower limb

Body cavities

Spaces within the body that allows the body to move and expand and also protect internal organs

Posterior cavity

Cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Brain

Vertebral canal

spinal cord

Anterior body cavity

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Lungs

Mediastinum

pericardial cavity

Mediastinum

Heart, oesophagus, major blood vessels

Pericardial cavity

Special cavity for the heart

Diaphragm

Separates thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Gastrointestinal tract, digestive organs, spleen, urinary organs

Digestive organs

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Urinary organs

Kidney and uterus

Pelvic cavity

Bladder and reproductive cavity

Cell

Fundamental unit of life of all organisms, cells work together to maintain homeostasis

3 basic components of the cell

1. plasma membrane (cell membrane)
2. nucleus
3. cytoplasm - cytosol + cytoskeleton + organelles

Plasma membrane function

Structural support

Controls the passage of materials between the inside and outside of the cell

Allows the cell to be identified to other cells

Allows the cell to communicate w/ other cells

Plasma membrane - specialisation

Microvilli

Cilia

Flagellum

Microvilli

Increase cell’s surface area for absorption

Cilia

Moves fluids along the cell’s surface

Flagellum

Moves the entire cell

Cell - cell adhesion

Process by which cells interact + attach to neighbouring cells

Cell - cell junctions

1. Adherens junctions
2. desmosomes
3. tight junction
4. gap junction

cell-matrix junction

hemidesmosomes

Nucleus function

Controls and coordinates the cells’ activities

3 components of nucleus

1. Nuclear envelope
2. Nucleolus
3. DNA and its associated proteins - histones

Function of nuclear envelope

Has nuclear pores allowing substance to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Function of nucleolus

The organelle containing RNA and proteins essential for protein synthesis

Function of DNA and histones

To form chromatin

Specific region of DNA

Gene

Gene

coding region used to produce protein

Gene expression

Process of the coding region producing proteins

2 components of gene expression

1. transcription
2. translation

transcription

DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus

translation

mRNA is translated into protein in the cytoplasm

Cytosol structure

Contains proteins and dissolved solutes

Function of cytosol

1. cellular process - protein synthesis and glycolysis
2. storage for nutrients
3. organelles perform specific functions in the cell

Cytoskeleton structure

Network of protein filaments

Function of cytoskeleton

1. Supports + maintains shape of cell
2. allows movement of substance within the cell
3. movement of external structures and can allow the cell to move, sperm cells

3 components of cytoplasm

1. cytosol
2. organelles
3. cytoskeleton

Organelles in cytoplasm

1. mitochondria
2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. rough endoplasmic reticulum
4. ribosomes
5. Golgi apparatus
6. lysosomes
7. peroxisomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum structure and function

studded with ribosomes

ribosomes for protein synthesis to occur

folds protein into correct shape

discards proteins that are incorrectly folded

ribosomes

made up from rRNA in nucleolus and is responsible for translation in protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure and function

lacks ribosomes

carbohydrates/lipids/steroids synthesis

enzymatic degradation - detoxification for livers/hepatic cells

special role in nucleus

Golgi apparatus structure and function

Flattened sacs of membrane and vesicles

Modifies, sorts, packages and transports protein received from the endoplasmic reticulum

forms small membrane bound vesicles into small membrane bounds secretory vesicles

Lysosomes

Formed from the Golgi apparatus

Contains powerful digestive enzymes

Autophagy - digestion of organelles

autolysis - destroys the cell

Peroxisomes

Similar to lysosomes - just smaller

contains enzymes for metabolism

Mitochondria

Tubular shape, double membrane, DNA and ribosomes

provides energy to the cell (ATP)

site of fatty acid oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Epithelia tissue functions

selective barrier that limits or aids the transfer of substance into and out of the cell

protective surface that resists the abrasive influence of the environment

secretory surface that releases products produced by the cells onto its free surfaces, filtration, secretion, absorption and excretion

Cell shapes

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Transitional

identify 1

Squamous

identify 2

cuboidal

identify 3

columnar

identify 4

transitional

Cell layers

simple

pseudostratified

stratified

identify 1

simple

identify 2

pseudostratified

identify 3

stratified

Epithelia - surface specialisation

Keratin

Microvilli or cilia

goblet cells

identify 1

keratin

identify 2

microvilli or cilia

identify 3

goblet cells

Cell types for connective tissue

1. fibroblasts - dense, loose and reticular
2. adipocytes - fat
3. chondrocytes - cartilage
4. osteocytes - bone
5. red blood cells - blood

Extracellular matrix location and components

located between cells

protein fibres - collagen, elastic and reticular

ground substance - water and organic molecules

\

Function of extracellular matrix

Supports the cells

allows substances to be exchanged

proper connective tissues

connects tissue and organs together

loose, dense, reticular and adipose

Function of loose, dense and reticular cells

Stabilise

support

protect

Function of adipose

Insulates

energy reserve

hormones

Specialised connective tissue

supportive tissues

cartilage - hyaline, elastic, fibrous

bone

Hyaline cartilage functions

Reduces friction at joints

Shock absorption at joints

flexible and strong support