Principles of Biology Exam 1 (Uark Shadwick)

Strengths of Science

-publicly understandable

- self correcting

- predictive

Qualities of Life

- organized

- acquire material and energy

- reproduce

- respond to stimuli

- homeostatic

- grow and develop

- capacity to adapt

2 main components of viruses

-capsid

- nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)

Virus life cycle

Attachment

Entry

Replication

Biosynthesis

Assemble

Budding/Emergence

Repeat/Release?

Life on earth has changed

Law (describes)

Things fall due to orbit

Theory (explains)

All mammals have mammary glands, therefore humans are mammals...

Deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

specific to general

Deductive reasoning

general to specific

Covalent bonding

SHARING of Electrons!

polar= unequal

non-polar= equal

Ionic bonds

transfer electrons

Na- donor

Cl- acceptor

Hydrogen bonds

Weak individually, but strong together

(F) (O) (N)

Acid solutions

high concentration of Hydrogen ions

-pH of 0-6

X-axis

experimental variable (time)

Y-axis

dependent (result)

Challenges for Science

-Loss of Diversity

-Emerging/Reemerging Diseases

-Climate Change

Properties of H2O due to Hydrogen Bonds

- high heat capacity (doesn't change temp. easy)

- High heat vaporization (cooling)

-dissolves in many molecules (hydrophobic/phillic)

Cohesion

water molecules cling together.

Adhesion

water adheres to polar surfaces b/c of - & + poles

Basic solutions

Low concentration of H+

- pH of 8-14

Functional groups

specific combination of bonded atoms that REACT the SAME

-Hydroxyl

-Amino

- Methyl

Organic molecules always have:

Carbon and Hydrogen

Amino group

-NH2 (Amine)

Hydroxyl group

-OH (Alcohol)

Methyl group

Methylated group

Hydrolysis

Breaking of water, water added

-reaction to degrade polymers

Dehydration reaction

an -OH and -H removed as a water molecule

Carbohydrates

short term energy storage, fuel.

-structural in plants (cell wall)

---monosachharides and polysachharides

Monosacharrides

simple sugars.

-fructose

-glucose

MONO-FRU-GLU :)

Disacharides

-maltose

-sucrose

-lactose

DI-MA-LAC-SU

4 Macromolecules?

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Lipids

don't dissolve in water - HYDROPHOBIC

fats n oils for storage

steroids->sex hormones

DON'T have MONOMERS OR POLYMERS

Oils

liquid at room temp.

Plant origin

store energy in seeds

Fats and lipids have:

1 glycerol backbonde (hydroxyl)

3 fatty acids (tryglyceride)

Act as LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE

Unsaturated fats

double bonds

plants (oils)

fewer hydrogen atoms

NOT PACKED TIGHTLY

Saturated fats

max # of hydrogens

animal origin

health risks

tail bends

Packed tightly

How is an unsaturated fat made saturated?

By adding hydrogen, duh.

Partially Hydrogenated Oils?

Trans Fats

-high shelf storage

-reheat/ frying

Phospholipids

2 fatty acids and phosphate group

polar head is hydrophillic, tails are hydrophobic

-forms bilayer. head faces outward, tails- interior.

Steroids

Backbone of 4 fused carbon rings

ex: Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen

Hormone analogs

chemicals that act like hormones in body

ex: estrogen in animals

-changes in behavior and development of animals exposed to them.

-PLASTICS

Proteins

polymers of amino acids monomers

-structure in keratin and collagen

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions

-Amino acids, peptides

Amino acids (CAR)

-amino group -NH2

-acidic group -COOH (CARBOXYL)

-R group

Peptides

single chain of amino acids

Peptide bond- joins 2

Levels of Protein Organization

-Primary- linear structure of amino acids

-Secondary- protein makes certain types of structures in different places. ALPHA HELIX or PLEATED SHEET shape.

-Tertiary- final 3D shape. Maintained by bonds b/w R groups.

-Quartenary- found in proteins with multiple polypeptide chains. Arrranged to highest structure. Lactase - 4 same polypeptides to gain final structure.

A protein that lost structure b/c of extreme heat or pH is:

Denatured

Nucleic Acids

2 polymers - DNA and RNA

-ATP

monomer of nucleotide

DNA

polymer of nucleotides

genetic info

replicate to transmit info

-double helix

held by hydrogen bonds

rung of ladders with complementary bases

A-T, C-G

Nucleotide

has: -phosphate, -pentose deoxyribose (SUGAR), -nitrogenon-containing base.

ATP

Adenine Triphosphate

-high energy molecule

- goes thru HYDROLYSIS and energy is RELEASED!

ENERGY CURRENCY

IS a NUCLEIC ACID

Macromolecules that need nitrogen?

Protein and Nucleic Acids

Microscope

revolutionary and made by Robert Hooke

Light Microscope

visible light passes through specimen, then lens, then ur eyes.

1,000

Cell Theory

All organisms are made up of one or more cells

Cells are the basic unit/structure

Cells come from other cells

Magnification and Resolution of Microscope

Mag- objects size

Res- clarity

Scanning Electron Microscope

study detailed external architecture of cell surfaces

Black and White

Transmission Electron Microscope

internal structure of cells

Plasma membrane

-surrounds cells

-boundary and gatekeeper

-has cytoplasm semifluid

Nucleus contains:

nuclear envelope (pores), nucleolus, chromatin, DNA, nucleoplasm, chromosomes

Nuclear envelope consists of:

-Rough endoplastic reticulum (ribosomes)

-Smooth endoplastic reticulum (makes membrane-phospholipid metabolism)

Golgi Apparatus

Collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials (processes proteins and packages them into lysosomes).

SHIPPING CENTER.

Lysosomes have to bond with ________ to digest. Enzymes are produced in these...

vesicles

Vacuole and Vesicles

Membrane bound sacks

-vesicle: smaller

Lysosomes

has enzyme to DIGEST food or damaged organelles. GARBAGE DISPOSAL

-made by golgi apparatus

Photosynthesis

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

Solar energy needed

Cellular Respiration

all organisms convert chemical energy to ATP

Carb+O ---> CO2 + H2O + energy

Chemical reactions happen in this space

Thylakoid space

Photosynthesis happens in the ___________.

Cellular respiration happens in the ____________.

Chloroplast; Mitochondria

Cytoskeleton

protein fibers that hold together cells.

-can be stained with fluorescent dye

Actin Filaments

2 long thin, flexible actin chains twisted in helix

-Microfilaments

-looks like web.

-projections in intestinal cells as microvilli

-formation of pseudopods in amoebid movement

-muscle contraction movement

Myosin can pull actin along with _______.

ATP

Plasma membrane is composed of

Proteins and Lipids

Cytoplasm

semifluid in cells

has water, salts, dissolved organic molecules.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

synthesizes phospholipids, produces testosterone, and detoxifies drugs.

-makes vesicles

Centriole

formation of basal bodies

Nucleolus

produces subunits of ribosomes

Polysacharrides

-starch, glycogen, chitin, and cellulose.

-"star-gly-cel-chi"

A nucleotide has:

phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Triglyceride

3 fatty acids

1 glycerol backbone

Lipids are organic compounds composed mainly of __________ and _______ atoms linked together by ________covalent bonds.

carbon, hydrogen, covalent

Hypertonic solution

water leaves the cell, shrivels (crenation)

Hypotonic solution

water enters cell and bursts (lysis)

Intermediate Filaments

medium sized

-Supports nuclear envelope

-helps CELL TO CELL junction (strengthen hair and join skin)

Microtubules

hollow cylinders of tubulin protein

-controlled by microtubule organization center

maintains cell shape, interacts with motor molecules - kenesin and dynein to move organelles and forms spindle apparatus (cell division)

ex: chameleons changing color

Cillia and Flagella

hair like projections - aid in movement

Only in Eurkaryotes

Cillia much shorter that flagella and more numerous

Both membrane bound cylinders. 9+2 patter of microtubules.

Endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts derived from prokaryotes that were taken up by a larger cell. Mitochondria- orginially heterotrphic bacteria. Chloroplasts- originally cyanobacteria. After in host cell, bacteria and host begin to live together cooperatively.

Similarities in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to Endosymbiotic Theory

Both: similar structure and size, double membrane, genetic information and divide by splitting. DNA is a circular loop. Have ribosomes that make proteins

Fluid Mosaic Model

selectively permeable, maintains homeostasis, and has proteins and phospholipids.

ONLY SMALL NON POLAR (HYDROPHOBIC) can PASS!

Characteristic of Glucose that makes it unable to diffuse across membrane?

Large polar molecule. Hydroxyl

Channel proteins

allow certain molecules through, has aquaporins specialized for water.

Carrier proteins

carry sugar across plasma membrane. GLUT PROTEINS

Cell recognition protein

glycoprotein different for everyone. Blood types. White blood cell ATTACK FOREIGN CELLS

Receptor proteins

hormones! binds to specific molecule

INSULIN

Enzymatic Protein

catalyze and speed up reactions.

-cholera, diarrhea