alkenes + reactions

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated ?

• unsaturated - double bond

Can alcohols take part in bonding?

• hydrogen bonding

• Alcohol polar - electronegative oxygen

How is alcohols boiling point compared to alkanes?

• alc boiling point higher - hydrogen bonds

• Same molecular mass

Are alcohols soluble in water ?

• can form hydrogen bonds with water

What are isomers ?

Molecules with same molecular formula but arranged differently.

What are the three types of structural isomerism?

• chain

• Positional

• Functional group

What is a chain isomerism?

Carbon chain arranged ri make different structure

What is positional isomerism ?

• in alkenes

• With 4 or more carbon atoms

• Alcohols can also show

What is functional group isomerism?

• same molecular formulae but different functional groups

• Eg: hex-1-ene —> cyclohexane

What is strerioisomerism?

• structure and arrangement of atoms in a molecule are same but arrangement in three dimensional space is different

How to spot stereoisomerism?

Double C=C bond unable to rotate

What is Z isomerism?

Highest priority group on same side

What is E isomerism?

Higher priority groups on opposite sides

What are rhe type of organic reactions?

• addition

• Substitution

• Elimination

• Rearrangement

What is homolytic fissions?

Covalent bonds break each atoms - retains one of the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond

What is heterolytic fission ?

One of the atoms retain both pairs of shared electrons in covalent bond

What is a free radical?

Species with unpaired electron - very reactive

Written as X* (the * is a dot)

What is a nucleophile?

• species thay contains a lone pair

• Negative ions such as OH- , Cl- ect.

• Molecules suxh as H2O and NH3

• Attack regions with low electron density

What are electrophiles ?

• electron deficient species such as NO2+

• Attacked by nucleophiles

difference in alkanes vs alkenes?

• alkenes more reactive - weaker bond strength