Period 4 Vocab (APUSH)

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82 Terms

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Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving the Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
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Chief Justice John Marshall
The longest-serving Chief Justice (1801–1835) who strengthened the power of the federal government and the Supreme Court through landmark decisions.
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Judicial Review
The authority of the Supreme Court to determine whether laws or government actions are constitutional, established by Marbury v. Madison.
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Barbary Pirates
North African pirates who demanded tribute from U.S. ships; Jefferson refused to pay, leading to naval conflict and asserting U.S. power abroad.
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Louisiana Purchase
1803 land deal between the U.S. and France that doubled the size of the country and gave control of the Mississippi River.
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Lewis & Clark Expedition
1804–1806 exploration led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to map the Louisiana Territory and find a route to the Pacific Ocean.
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Aaron Burr
Jefferson’s first-term vice president; known for killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel and being tried (but acquitted) for treason.
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Impressment
The British practice of forcing American sailors into the British navy, one of the main causes of the War of 1812.
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Embargo Act of 1807
Law passed by Jefferson banning all U.S. exports in response to British and French interference, which hurt the American economy.
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James Madison
Fourth U.S. president (1809–1817), known as the “Father of the Constitution” and for leading the U.S. during the War of 1812.
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War of 1812
Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and Native American resistance; ended with the Treaty of Ghent.
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Tecumseh
Shawnee leader who united Native tribes to resist U.S. expansion; killed in the War of 1812.
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Battle of Tippecanoe
1811 battle where U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh’s confederation, increasing tensions with Britain.
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War Hawks
Young Democratic-Republicans in Congress who pushed for war against Britain in 1812, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
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Francis Scott Key
Author of “The Star-Spangled Banner,” inspired by the British attack on Fort McHenry during the War of 1812.
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Treaty of Ghent
1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812; restored pre-war boundaries without addressing impressment or trade issues.
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Hartford Convention
1814–1815 meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812; seen as unpatriotic and led to the fall of the party.
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Battle of New Orleans
Final major battle of the War of 1812, where Andrew Jackson defeated the British; fought after the treaty was signed.
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Macon’s Bill No. 2
1810 law reopening trade with Britain and France but promising to stop trade with the one that didn’t respect U.S. neutrality.
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Erie Canal
1825 canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River, boosting trade and helping New York become an economic center.
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Samuel F. Morse
Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code, revolutionizing communication in the 1840s.
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Eli Whitney
Inventor of the cotton gin and developer of interchangeable parts, which spurred the Industrial Revolution.
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Cyrus Hall McCormick
Invented the mechanical reaper, improving agricultural productivity in the Midwest.
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Lowell System
Factory model employing young women under strict conditions in textile mills, symbolizing early industrial labor.
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Market Revolution
Economic transformation in the early 1800s marked by new transportation, factories, and commercial farming.
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Industrial Revolution
Period of technological innovation that transformed production, transportation, and labor in the 18th–19th centuries.
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“Cult of Domesticity”
Ideal that women should focus on home, children, and morality, reinforcing gender roles in the 19th century.
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Irish Potato Famine
Mid-1840s famine that caused mass Irish immigration to the U.S. due to starvation and economic collapse.
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Nativism
Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Americans, often directed at Irish and German immigrants.
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Know-Nothing Party
1850s political party opposing immigration and Catholic influence in U.S. politics.
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German Immigration
Germans came to the U.S. seeking political freedom and better economic opportunities, often settling in the Midwest.
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Irish Immigration
Driven by famine and poverty, Irish immigrants settled in cities and worked low-wage jobs, facing discrimination.
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John C. Calhoun
Southern politician and advocate for states’ rights, nullification, and slavery as a “positive good.”
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Henry Clay
Congressman who proposed the American System and helped negotiate major compromises like the Missouri Compromise.
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Daniel Webster
Northern senator and orator who defended the Union and opposed nullification.
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Tariff of 1816
First protective tariff in U.S. history, designed to promote American industry after the War of 1812.
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“American System”
Henry Clay’s plan for economic development: protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.
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James Monroe
Fifth U.S. president (1817–1825) whose presidency marked the “Era of Good Feelings.”
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“Era of Good Feelings”
Period of national unity and one-party dominance under Monroe following the War of 1812.
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Oregon Country
Region jointly occupied by Britain and the U.S. until the boundary was settled at the 49th parallel in 1846.
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Panic of 1819
First major U.S. economic depression caused by land speculation and bank failures.
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Missouri Compromise 1820
Agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banning slavery north of 36°30’.
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Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
Supreme Court decision affirming federal control over interstate commerce.
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Monroe Doctrine 1823
Policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to new European colonization.
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Andrew Jackson
Seventh U.S. president known for his populist style, opposition to the Bank, and Indian Removal policies.
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“Corrupt Bargain”
Alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the 1824 election that denied Jackson the presidency.
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John Quincy Adams
Sixth U.S. president who supported internal improvements and strong federal government.
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Spoils System
Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs, popularized by Andrew Jackson.
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Nullification Crisis
Conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over tariff laws and states’ rights.
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Trail of Tears
Forced removal of Cherokee and other tribes from their lands, causing thousands of deaths.
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Indian Removal Act
1830 law authorizing the relocation of Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River.
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Martin Van Buren
Eighth president, blamed for the Panic of 1837; continued Jackson’s policies.
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Tariff of 1832
Revised tariff that failed to resolve southern opposition, leading to the Nullification Crisis.
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Anti-Masonic Party
First third party in U.S. politics; opposed secret societies and supported moral reform.
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Specie Circular
1836 order requiring land purchases to be made in gold or silver, leading to the Panic of 1837.
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Panic of 1837
Financial crisis triggered by bank failures and the Specie Circular, causing a severe depression.
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe exposing the brutality of slavery, increasing abolitionist sentiment.
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“Peculiar Institution”
Euphemism for slavery used by Southerners to justify it as a distinct southern tradition.
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Paternalism
Justification for slavery claiming masters cared for enslaved people like family.
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Yeomen Farmers
Independent small farmers of the South who typically owned no slaves.
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Mulattoes
People of mixed white and Black ancestry; often faced discrimination in both societies.
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“Spirituals”
Religious songs created by enslaved African Americans expressing hope and resistance.
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion
1831 slave uprising in Virginia that killed about 60 whites and led to stricter slave laws.
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Transcendentalism
Philosophical movement emphasizing individual intuition, nature, and spiritual independence.
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Shakers
Religious community promoting celibacy, equality, and communal living.
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Second Great Awakening
Religious revival movement that emphasized salvation, moral reform, and social activism.
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Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Religious movement founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, later known as the Mormon Church.
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American Temperance Society
Organization promoting moderation or abstinence from alcohol.
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Horace Mann
Education reformer who advocated for public schools and teacher training.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
Transcendentalist writer who promoted self-reliance and individualism.
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Henry David Thoreau
Transcendentalist known for “Walden” and his essay “Civil Disobedience.”
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Emily Dickinson
Poet known for her unconventional style and introspective themes.
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Edgar Allan Poe
Writer famous for his gothic tales and poems exploring death and emotion.
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Dorthea Lynde Dix
Advocate for the mentally ill who pushed for humane asylums.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women’s rights leader who helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.
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Abolition
Movement to end slavery in the U.S., gaining momentum in the early 1800s.
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William Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist and editor of “The Liberator,” calling for immediate emancipation.
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Frederick Douglass
Former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist and orator.
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Underground Railroad
Network of secret routes helping enslaved people escape to freedom.
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Harriet Tubman
Former enslaved woman and conductor on the Underground Railroad who led many to freedom.
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Sojourner Truth
Former enslaved woman and abolitionist known for her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech.
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Seneca Falls Convention
1848 meeting launching the women’s rights movement and issuing the Declaration of Sentiments.