Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Levels of Biodiversity
genetic, species, ecosystem
Genetic Biodiversity
the biological variation that occurs within species
Species Biodiversity
represents the number of different species living in an area
Ecosystem Biodiversity
variety of habitats, living things, and processes between and within ecosystems
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit (Bumble bee & Flower)
Paraitism
one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it (Me &. Mosquito)
What is commensalism?
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Give an example of commensalism in nature.
Barnacles & Whales
Competition
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
Predation
An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.
threats to biodiversity
habitat loss, invasive species, and over exploitation
Who began the Binomial
Carolus Linnaeus
How are scientific names formatted when typed?
genus (written normal) scientific name (italicized)
Why don't scientists use the common names for everything?
because the name is unique to the identity of tan organisms
Dear King Phillip Come Over for Good Soup
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Primary Literature
original reports of clinical and other types of research projects and studies
secondary literature
general reference works based upon primary literature sources
Controlled environment
Artificial environment used to verify the results of an experiment
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Rationale
a reason for doing something; explanation
Control group
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.
experimental group
the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested
Which graph format is best for specific data?
line graph
Why are peer reviews important
scientists receive questions and criticism from their peers
data are checked for accuracy
scientists receive comments and suggestions from other scientists
Genes
Chemical factors that determine traits
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Karyotypes
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
Locus
Location of a gene on a chromosome
Homolo
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid
An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.
Alleles
Different forms of a gene
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Dominant
Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
Recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
What is a pedigree?
A diagram showing the occurrence of a genetic trait in a family's generations.
What does a pedigree show?
The inheritance pattern of a specific genetic trait across multiple family generations.
What is Genetics?
the study of heredity
Who is Gregor Mendel, and what did he accomplish?
•Created the laws of Mendelian inheritance in the 1800s
•Studied pea plants in a monastery
Who is Charles Darwin, and what did he accomplish?
architect of the theory of evolution by natural selection
What are Mendelian Genetics law?
principles discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 19th century.
Law of Segregation
Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis
Law of Independent Assortment
the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
What is codominance?
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.
How does codominance manifest in blood type?
It results in the expression of both alleles equally, leading to the AB blood type.
What is incomplete dominance?
It is a form of intermediate inheritance where one allele for a trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele.
Can you give an example of incomplete dominance?
When red and white flowers cross to create a pink flower.
Epistasis
interaction between alleles in which one allele hides the effects of another allele
What are Punnett squares?
A genetic diagram to determine the probability of something.
What are punnett squares used for?
predicting the result of genetic crosses between organisms of known genotypes
What is evolution?
the process of change over time
Mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
Gene Flow ( AKA Migration )
movement of alleles between populations
Non-Random Mating
mating between individuals of the same phenotype or by those who live nearby
Natural Selection
A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.
bean foraging activity: how did allele frequencies change within our classroom population over multiple generations?
The knives population had a higher foraging success making it the more common population
Bean Foraging Activity: How did competition between the morphs effect these allele frequencies?
the morphs that were more efficient at gaining their resources will outcompete others
bean foraging activity: how can we utilize the terms directional selection and stabilizing selection within our classroom experiment?
We can utilize directional selection by observing the alleles associated with effective tools to increase nutritional beans advantages.
We can utilize stabilizing selection by observing the optimal foraging method that allows successful stabilization
What is Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
A model that describes populations that are not evolving
*p^2+2pq+q^2
What are the main 2 formulas the we utilize in HWE questions
p^2+2pq+q^2
and
p+q=1
Why do we want to understand changes in allele frequency?
to understand how a population is forever evolving
Determine Allele
'- count the total number of each allele in the population
- Divide the number of copies of a specific allele by the total number of all alleles for that gene in the population.
Determine genotype frequency
- Count the number of individuals with each genotype.
- Divide the number of individuals with a specific genotype by the total number of individuals in the population.
Determine genotype counts
Simply count how many individuals have each genotype within the population.
What do "p" and "q", "2pq" represent?
p= frequency of dominant allele
q= frequency of recessive allele
2pq= heterozygous genotyope
In a population of 1000 individuals, 360 show the recessive phenotype. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles (p and q).
Frequency of the dominant allele (p): 0.4
Frequency of the recessive allele (q): 0.6
If in a flower population, 25% of the flowers are white (recessive trait) and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the genotype frequencies of the population.
For a flower population where 25% are white (recessive),
Frequency of the dominant allele (p): 0.5
Frequency of the recessive allele (q): 0.5
Genotype frequencies are:Homozygous dominant (p^2): 0.25Heterozygous (2pq): 0.5Note: Homozygous recessive (q^2) was given as 0.25.
A certain trait in a beetle population is governed by a single gene with two alleles. 84% of the beetles are of the dominant phenotype. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequencies of both the homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals in the population.
For a beetle population with 84% showing the dominant phenotype,
Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals (p^2): 0.36
Frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq): 0.48
Sections of a lab report
1. Title
2. Introduction
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. References
1. Title
concise but informative
What does the introduction section of an experiment provide?
Background information on the topic
What is included in the introduction section of an experiment?
Purpose, objectives, and hypothesis
What does the 'Materials' section in a scientific paper include?
A complete description of the substances used by the researchers
What does the 'Methods' section in a scientific paper include?
A complete description of the techniques used by the researchers to gather data
Results
data and observations gathered from the experiment
What is a discussion in a scientific paper?A section where the author interprets experimental results and explains the phenomenon
A section where the author interprets experimental results and explains the phenomenon
References
sources cited in the lab report, following a specific citation style APA
What is a Dichotomous key
A tool that helps its user identify natural objects.
How do you use a dichotomous key to identify objects?
a tool used to identify objects, organism, or other items bases on a series of choices.
Why are plants important
Provide oxygen, food, medicine, fuel, shelter, paper products, beauty
Why are animals important?
maintaining ecological balance
How are plants and animals different from one another?
-plants are autotrophic, meaning they produce their own food through photosynthesis
-animals are heterotrophic and rely on consuming organic matter for energy
How do plants obtain food?
Through photosynthesis, using sunlight water, and carbon dioxide
What is needed for photosynthesis to occur?
sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
2 divisions exist among plants
-Angiosperms
-Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary or fruit
Gymnosperms
seed-producing plants that lack enclosed ovules or seeds in fruits
Angiosperm Organs
-leaves
-stems
-roots
-flowers
Function of leaves
primary site of photosynthesis
converts sunlight into chemical energy
function of stems
supports the plant
Function of roots
anchor plants into the soil
absorbs water ans nutrients
Function of flowers
facilitates reproduction, primarily through the production of seeds
Label the flower
A OVARY
B OVULE
C STYLE
D STIGMA
E PISTIL
F ANTHER
G STAMEN
H FILAMENT
I SEPAL
J PETAL
Cotyledons
provides nutrition to plant embryo
Monocots
a flowering plant with seeds parelle veined leaves, flower parts in mutiples of three, one cotyledon
Dicots
a flowering plant with twi cotyledons, net leaf venationm floral parts if 4 or 5