Biology Lab Practical

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152 Terms

1

Levels of Biodiversity

genetic, species, ecosystem

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2

Genetic Biodiversity

the biological variation that occurs within species

<p>the biological variation that occurs within species</p>
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3

Species Biodiversity

represents the number of different species living in an area

<p>represents the number of different species living in an area</p>
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4

Ecosystem Biodiversity

variety of habitats, living things, and processes between and within ecosystems

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5

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit (Bumble bee & Flower)

<p>A relationship between two species in which both species benefit (Bumble bee &amp; Flower)</p>
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6

Paraitism

one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it (Me &. Mosquito)

<p>one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it (Me &amp;. Mosquito)</p>
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7

What is commensalism?

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

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8

Give an example of commensalism in nature.

Barnacles & Whales

<p>Barnacles &amp; Whales</p>
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9

Competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

<p>the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources</p>
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10

Predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

<p>An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.</p>
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11

threats to biodiversity

habitat loss, invasive species, and over exploitation

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12

Who began the Binomial

Carolus Linnaeus

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13

How are scientific names formatted when typed?

genus (written normal) scientific name (italicized)

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14

Why don't scientists use the common names for everything?

because the name is unique to the identity of tan organisms

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15

Dear King Phillip Come Over for Good Soup

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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16

Primary Literature

original reports of clinical and other types of research projects and studies

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17

secondary literature

general reference works based upon primary literature sources

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18

Controlled environment

Artificial environment used to verify the results of an experiment

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19

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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20

Rationale

a reason for doing something; explanation

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21

Control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

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22

experimental group

the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested

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23

Which graph format is best for specific data?

line graph

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24

Why are peer reviews important

scientists receive questions and criticism from their peers
data are checked for accuracy
scientists receive comments and suggestions from other scientists

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25

Genes

Chemical factors that determine traits

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26

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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27

Karyotypes

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

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28

Locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome

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29

Homolo

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

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30

Diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

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31

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

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32

Alleles

Different forms of a gene

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33

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

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34

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

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35

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

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36

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

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37

Dominant

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

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38

Recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

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39

What is a pedigree?

A diagram showing the occurrence of a genetic trait in a family's generations.

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40

What does a pedigree show?

The inheritance pattern of a specific genetic trait across multiple family generations.

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41

What is Genetics?

the study of heredity

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42

Who is Gregor Mendel, and what did he accomplish?

•Created the laws of Mendelian inheritance in the 1800s
•Studied pea plants in a monastery

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43

Who is Charles Darwin, and what did he accomplish?

architect of the theory of evolution by natural selection

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44

What are Mendelian Genetics law?

principles discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 19th century.

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45

Law of Segregation

Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis

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46

Law of Independent Assortment

the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

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47

What is codominance?

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

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48

How does codominance manifest in blood type?

It results in the expression of both alleles equally, leading to the AB blood type.

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49

What is incomplete dominance?

It is a form of intermediate inheritance where one allele for a trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele.

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50

Can you give an example of incomplete dominance?

When red and white flowers cross to create a pink flower.

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51

Epistasis

interaction between alleles in which one allele hides the effects of another allele

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52

What are Punnett squares?

A genetic diagram to determine the probability of something.

<p>A genetic diagram to determine the probability of something.</p>
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53

What are punnett squares used for?

predicting the result of genetic crosses between organisms of known genotypes

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54

What is evolution?

the process of change over time

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55

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

<p>A change in a gene or chromosome.</p>
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56
<p>Gene Flow ( AKA Migration )</p>

Gene Flow ( AKA Migration )

movement of alleles between populations

<p>movement of alleles between populations</p>
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57
<p>Non-Random Mating</p>

Non-Random Mating

mating between individuals of the same phenotype or by those who live nearby

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58
<p>Natural Selection</p>

Natural Selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

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59

bean foraging activity: how did allele frequencies change within our classroom population over multiple generations?

The knives population had a higher foraging success making it the more common population

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60

Bean Foraging Activity: How did competition between the morphs effect these allele frequencies?

the morphs that were more efficient at gaining their resources will outcompete others

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61

bean foraging activity: how can we utilize the terms directional selection and stabilizing selection within our classroom experiment?

We can utilize directional selection by observing the alleles associated with effective tools to increase nutritional beans advantages.
We can utilize stabilizing selection by observing the optimal foraging method that allows successful stabilization

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62

What is Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A model that describes populations that are not evolving
*p^2+2pq+q^2

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63

What are the main 2 formulas the we utilize in HWE questions

p^2+2pq+q^2
and
p+q=1

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64

Why do we want to understand changes in allele frequency?

to understand how a population is forever evolving

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65

Determine Allele

'- count the total number of each allele in the population
- Divide the number of copies of a specific allele by the total number of all alleles for that gene in the population.

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66

Determine genotype frequency

- Count the number of individuals with each genotype.
- Divide the number of individuals with a specific genotype by the total number of individuals in the population.

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67

Determine genotype counts

Simply count how many individuals have each genotype within the population.

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68

What do "p" and "q", "2pq" represent?

p= frequency of dominant allele
q= frequency of recessive allele
2pq= heterozygous genotyope

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69

In a population of 1000 individuals, 360 show the recessive phenotype. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles (p and q).

Frequency of the dominant allele (p): 0.4
Frequency of the recessive allele (q): 0.6

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70

If in a flower population, 25% of the flowers are white (recessive trait) and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the genotype frequencies of the population.

For a flower population where 25% are white (recessive),
Frequency of the dominant allele (p): 0.5
Frequency of the recessive allele (q): 0.5
Genotype frequencies are:Homozygous dominant (p^2): 0.25Heterozygous (2pq): 0.5Note: Homozygous recessive (q^2) was given as 0.25.

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71

A certain trait in a beetle population is governed by a single gene with two alleles. 84% of the beetles are of the dominant phenotype. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequencies of both the homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals in the population.

For a beetle population with 84% showing the dominant phenotype,
Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals (p^2): 0.36
Frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq): 0.48

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72

Sections of a lab report

1. Title
2. Introduction
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. References

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73

1. Title

concise but informative

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74

What does the introduction section of an experiment provide?

Background information on the topic

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75

What is included in the introduction section of an experiment?

Purpose, objectives, and hypothesis

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76

What does the 'Materials' section in a scientific paper include?

A complete description of the substances used by the researchers

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77

What does the 'Methods' section in a scientific paper include?

A complete description of the techniques used by the researchers to gather data

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78

Results

data and observations gathered from the experiment

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79

What is a discussion in a scientific paper?A section where the author interprets experimental results and explains the phenomenon

A section where the author interprets experimental results and explains the phenomenon

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80

References

sources cited in the lab report, following a specific citation style APA

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81
<p>What is a Dichotomous key</p>

What is a Dichotomous key

A tool that helps its user identify natural objects.

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82

How do you use a dichotomous key to identify objects?

a tool used to identify objects, organism, or other items bases on a series of choices.

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83

Why are plants important

Provide oxygen, food, medicine, fuel, shelter, paper products, beauty

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84

Why are animals important?

maintaining ecological balance

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85

How are plants and animals different from one another?

-plants are autotrophic, meaning they produce their own food through photosynthesis

-animals are heterotrophic and rely on consuming organic matter for energy

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86

How do plants obtain food?

Through photosynthesis, using sunlight water, and carbon dioxide

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87

What is needed for photosynthesis to occur?

sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

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88
<p>2 divisions exist among plants</p>

2 divisions exist among plants

-Angiosperms

-Gymnosperms

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89
<p>Angiosperms</p>

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary or fruit

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90
<p>Gymnosperms<br></p>

Gymnosperms

seed-producing plants that lack enclosed ovules or seeds in fruits

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91

Angiosperm Organs

-leaves

-stems

-roots

-flowers

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92

Function of leaves

  • primary site of photosynthesis

  • converts sunlight into chemical energy

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93

function of stems

supports the plant

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94

Function of roots

  • anchor plants into the soil

  • absorbs water ans nutrients

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95

Function of flowers

facilitates reproduction, primarily through the production of seeds

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96
<p><br><br>Label the flower </p>



Label the flower

A OVARY

B OVULE

C STYLE

D STIGMA

E PISTIL

F ANTHER

G STAMEN

H FILAMENT

I SEPAL

J PETAL

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97
term image
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98
<p>Cotyledons</p>

Cotyledons

provides nutrition to plant embryo

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99
<p>Monocots</p>

Monocots

a flowering plant with seeds parelle veined leaves, flower parts in mutiples of three, one cotyledon

<p>a flowering plant with seeds parelle veined leaves, flower parts in mutiples of three, one cotyledon</p>
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100
<p>Dicots</p>

Dicots

a flowering plant with twi cotyledons, net leaf venationm floral parts if 4 or 5

<p>a flowering plant with twi cotyledons, net leaf venationm floral parts if 4 or 5 </p>
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