Biology Lab Practical

Levels of Biodiversity

genetic, species, ecosystem

Genetic Biodiversity

the biological variation that occurs within species

Species Biodiversity

represents the number of different species living in an area

Ecosystem Biodiversity

variety of habitats, living things, and processes between and within ecosystems

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit (Bumble bee & Flower)

Paraitism

one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it (Me &. Mosquito)

What is commensalism?

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Give an example of commensalism in nature.

Barnacles & Whales

Competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

Predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

threats to biodiversity

habitat loss, invasive species, and over exploitation

Who began the Binomial

Carolus Linnaeus

How are scientific names formatted when typed?

genus (written normal) scientific name (italicized)

Why don't scientists use the common names for everything?

because the name is unique to the identity of tan organisms

Dear King Phillip Come Over for Good Soup

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Primary Literature

original reports of clinical and other types of research projects and studies

secondary literature

general reference works based upon primary literature sources

Controlled environment

Artificial environment used to verify the results of an experiment

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Rationale

a reason for doing something; explanation

Control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

experimental group

the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested

Which graph format is best for specific data?

line graph

Why are peer reviews important

scientists receive questions and criticism from their peers
data are checked for accuracy
scientists receive comments and suggestions from other scientists

Genes

Chemical factors that determine traits

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Karyotypes

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

Locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome

Homolo

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

Diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Dominant

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

Recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

What is a pedigree?

A diagram showing the occurrence of a genetic trait in a family's generations.

What does a pedigree show?

The inheritance pattern of a specific genetic trait across multiple family generations.

What is Genetics?

the study of heredity

Who is Gregor Mendel, and what did he accomplish?

•Created the laws of Mendelian inheritance in the 1800s
•Studied pea plants in a monastery

Who is Charles Darwin, and what did he accomplish?

architect of the theory of evolution by natural selection

What are Mendelian Genetics law?

principles discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 19th century.

Law of Segregation

Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis

Law of Independent Assortment

the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

What is codominance?

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

How does codominance manifest in blood type?

It results in the expression of both alleles equally, leading to the AB blood type.

What is incomplete dominance?

It is a form of intermediate inheritance where one allele for a trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele.

Can you give an example of incomplete dominance?

When red and white flowers cross to create a pink flower.

Epistasis

interaction between alleles in which one allele hides the effects of another allele

What are Punnett squares?

A genetic diagram to determine the probability of something.

What are punnett squares used for?

predicting the result of genetic crosses between organisms of known genotypes

What is evolution?

the process of change over time

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

Gene Flow ( AKA Migration )

movement of alleles between populations

Non-Random Mating

mating between individuals of the same phenotype or by those who live nearby

Natural Selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

bean foraging activity: how did allele frequencies change within our classroom population over multiple generations?

The knives population had a higher foraging success making it the more common population

Bean Foraging Activity: How did competition between the morphs effect these allele frequencies?

the morphs that were more efficient at gaining their resources will outcompete others

bean foraging activity: how can we utilize the terms directional selection and stabilizing selection within our classroom experiment?

We can utilize directional selection by observing the alleles associated with effective tools to increase nutritional beans advantages.
We can utilize stabilizing selection by observing the optimal foraging method that allows successful stabilization

What is Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A model that describes populations that are not evolving
*p^2+2pq+q^2

What are the main 2 formulas the we utilize in HWE questions

p^2+2pq+q^2
and
p+q=1

Why do we want to understand changes in allele frequency?

to understand how a population is forever evolving

Determine Allele

'- count the total number of each allele in the population
- Divide the number of copies of a specific allele by the total number of all alleles for that gene in the population.

Determine genotype frequency

- Count the number of individuals with each genotype.
- Divide the number of individuals with a specific genotype by the total number of individuals in the population.

Determine genotype counts

Simply count how many individuals have each genotype within the population.

What do "p" and "q", "2pq" represent?

p= frequency of dominant allele
q= frequency of recessive allele
2pq= heterozygous genotyope

In a population of 1000 individuals, 360 show the recessive phenotype. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles (p and q).

Frequency of the dominant allele (p): 0.4
Frequency of the recessive allele (q): 0.6

If in a flower population, 25% of the flowers are white (recessive trait) and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the genotype frequencies of the population.

For a flower population where 25% are white (recessive),
Frequency of the dominant allele (p): 0.5
Frequency of the recessive allele (q): 0.5
Genotype frequencies are:Homozygous dominant (p^2): 0.25Heterozygous (2pq): 0.5Note: Homozygous recessive (q^2) was given as 0.25.

A certain trait in a beetle population is governed by a single gene with two alleles. 84% of the beetles are of the dominant phenotype. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequencies of both the homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals in the population.

For a beetle population with 84% showing the dominant phenotype,
Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals (p^2): 0.36
Frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq): 0.48

Sections of a lab report

1. Title
2. Introduction
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. References

1. Title

concise but informative

What does the introduction section of an experiment provide?

Background information on the topic

What is included in the introduction section of an experiment?

Purpose, objectives, and hypothesis

What does the 'Materials' section in a scientific paper include?

A complete description of the substances used by the researchers

What does the 'Methods' section in a scientific paper include?

A complete description of the techniques used by the researchers to gather data

Results

data and observations gathered from the experiment

What is a discussion in a scientific paper?A section where the author interprets experimental results and explains the phenomenon

A section where the author interprets experimental results and explains the phenomenon

References

sources cited in the lab report, following a specific citation style APA

What is a Dichotomous key

A tool that helps its user identify natural objects.

How do you use a dichotomous key to identify objects?

a tool used to identify objects, organism, or other items bases on a series of choices.

Why are plants important

Provide oxygen, food, medicine, fuel, shelter, paper products, beauty

Why are animals important?

maintaining ecological balance

How are plants and animals different from one another?

-plants are autotrophic, meaning they produce their own food through photosynthesis

-animals are heterotrophic and rely on consuming organic matter for energy

How do plants obtain food?

Through photosynthesis, using sunlight water, and carbon dioxide

What is needed for photosynthesis to occur?

sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

2 divisions exist among plants

-Angiosperms

-Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary or fruit

Gymnosperms

seed-producing plants that lack enclosed ovules or seeds in fruits

Angiosperm Organs

-leaves

-stems

-roots

-flowers

Function of leaves

• primary site of photosynthesis

• converts sunlight into chemical energy

function of stems

supports the plant

Function of roots

• anchor plants into the soil

• absorbs water ans nutrients

Function of flowers

facilitates reproduction, primarily through the production of seeds

Label the flower

A OVARY

B OVULE

C STYLE

D STIGMA

E PISTIL

F ANTHER

G STAMEN

H FILAMENT

I SEPAL

J PETAL

Cotyledons

provides nutrition to plant embryo

Monocots

a flowering plant with seeds parelle veined leaves, flower parts in mutiples of three, one cotyledon

Dicots

a flowering plant with twi cotyledons, net leaf venationm floral parts if 4 or 5