Earth Science Final Review
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90 Terms
What is the primary focus of Earth Science?
Study of Earths physical environment
3 multiple choice options
Which field involves studying Earth's magnetic and gravitational fields?
Geophysics
3 multiple choice options
What is the primary component of Earth's core?
Iron
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a renewable resource?
Solar Energy
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
Fossil Fuels
3 multiple choice options
Oceanic crust is primarily composed of what type of rock?
Basalt
3 multiple choice options
Continental crust is primarily composed of what type of rock?
Granite
3 multiple choice options
Which layer of Earth is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field?
Outer core
3 multiple choice options
The youngest oceanic crust is found ______
At mid ocean ridges
3 multiple choice options
The East African Rift is an example of a ______
Divergent boundary
3 multiple choice options
What is the origin of the term "igneous"?
Latin for "fire"
3 multiple choice options
What is a pluton?
A body of intrusive igneous rock
3 multiple choice options
What is the primary gas released during volcanic eruptions?
Water vapor
3 multiple choice options
Which volcanic hazard involves a fast-moving flow of hot gas and volcanic matter?
Pyroclastic flow
3 multiple choice options
What is a batholith?
A large mass of intrusive igneous rock
3 multiple choice options
The process of gradual movement along a fault without significant earthquakes is called:
Fault Creep
3 multiple choice options
Which instrument is used to record seismic waves?
Seismograph
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a method for earthquake prediction?
Observing seismic gaps
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following structures is most susceptible to earthquake damage?
Unreinforced masonry
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a recommended safety measure during an earthquake?
Drop, cover and hold on
3 multiple choice options
What are the most abundant elements in Earth's crust?
Oxygen and Silicon
3 multiple choice options
Which mineral group is most abundant in Earth's crust?
Silicates
3 multiple choice options
What is the basic building block of silicate minerals?
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a mafic mineral?
Olivine
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a felsic mineral?
Quartz
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the rock cycle?
A continuous process where rocks change from one type to another
3 multiple choice options
What is the primary difference between granite and basalt?
Granite is felsic and Basalt is mafic
3 multiple choice options
Sedimentary rock forms primarily through which three processes?
Deposition, compaction, cementation
3 multiple choice options
Metamorphic rocks form under conditions that are ________
different from those in which the original rock formed
3 multiple choice options
Which process is not involved in the formation of metamorphic rocks?
Melting
3 multiple choice options
What is geochronology?
The study of the age of rocks
3 multiple choice options
What is an unconformity in geology?
A gap in the geologic record
3 multiple choice options
Which principle states that geologic processes operating today also operated in the past?
Uniformitarianism
3 multiple choice options
Which isotope is commonly used in radiometric dating of ancient rocks?
Uranium-238
3 multiple choice options
What is the half-life of Carbon-14?
5,730 years
3 multiple choice options
What is bathymetry?
Measurement of water depth
3 multiple choice options
Which technology revolutionized ocean floor mapping in the 20th century?
SONAR
3 multiple choice options
What does SONAR stand for?
Sound Navigation and Ranging (A)
3 multiple choice options
What was the purpose of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)?
To collect core samples from the ocean floor
3 multiple choice options
Which ship was used in the DSDP?
D/V Glomar Challenger
3 multiple choice options
What forms when warm, less-dense water floats on colder water below?
Thermocline
3 multiple choice options
When saltier water overlie fresher water, what term describes this layer?
Halocline
3 multiple choice options
Which layer describes rapid increase in density with depth?
Pycnocline
3 multiple choice options
Ocean gyres are shaped by wind belts and _______
Coriolis effect
3 multiple choice options
Which pattern doesn't describe ocean circulation?
Photosynthesis-driven currents
3 multiple choice options
The wave base is defined as the depth where:
Orbital motion ceases
3 multiple choice options
Beaufort Scale relates wave conditions to:
Wind Strength or Speed
3 multiple choice options
A rogue wave can form from:
Constructive interference of swells
3 multiple choice options
When waves encounter obstacles, they may bend-a process called:
Refraction
3 multiple choice options
Wave diffraction occurs when waves:
Move around obstacles into sheltered areas
3 multiple choice options
What is the primary cause of tides?
Gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun
3 multiple choice options
Tides are best described as _________
Long-period waves caused by gravity
3 multiple choice options
Tidal bulges form because water moves in the direction of ________
Gravitation pull of extraterrestrial bodies
3 multiple choice options
A tidal current refers to ________
Horizontal flow during tide rise or fall
3 multiple choice options
The intertidal zone lies between __________
Highest and lowest tidal marks
3 multiple choice options
What term describes water with salinity between freshwater and seawater?
Brackish
3 multiple choice options
What is a brine?
Water with higher salinity than average seawater
3 multiple choice options
Which mineral precipitates first during the evaporation of seawater?
Calcite
3 multiple choice options
What are evaporites?
Mineral deposits formed from evaporated seawater
3 multiple choice options
What percentage of Earth's water is found in the oceans?
97.2%
3 multiple choice options
The primary elements composing the Sun are __________
Hydrogen and Helium
3 multiple choice options
Which layer of the Sun lies just above the photosphere?
Chromosphere
3 multiple choice options
What is the name of the Sun's outermost atmosphere?
Corona
3 multiple choice options
The solar cycle, with sunspot activity waxing and waning, takes approximately how many years?
11
3 multiple choice options
What phenomenon occurs when the Sun's magnetic poles reverse?
A solar maximum follows a solar minimum
3 multiple choice options
The stream of charged particles flowing from the Sun into space is called ________
Solar wind
3 multiple choice options
Why is it difficult for a spacecraft to reach the Sun?
It requires cancelling Earth's orbital motion
3 multiple choice options
A huge eruption of plasma from the Sun is called a _______
Coronal mass ejection (CME)
3 multiple choice options
The Sun is roughly halfway through what phase of its lifecycle?
Main sequence phase
3 multiple choice options
The Sun orbits around the center of the Milky Way approximately every ________
230-250 million years
3 multiple choice options
Stars are born within _______
Nebulae (Stellar nurseries)
3 multiple choice options
The hottest stars appear to be _________
Blue or White
3 multiple choice options
Coolest, faintest common stars are known as ________
Red dwarfs
3 multiple choice options
The most abundant stellar type in the Milky Way is __________
M-type red dwarfs
3 multiple choice options
Stars spend the majority of their lives on the _________
Main sequence
3 multiple choice options
Massive stars end their lives as supernovae, leaving behind _______
Neutron stars or black holes
3 multiple choice options
The Hertzsprung-Russel diagram plots stars by _______
Luminosity versus color (or spectral class)
3 multiple choice options
Most stars are part of _________
Binary or multiple star systems
3 multiple choice options
Sirius is notable because it represents _________
The brightest star visible from Earth
3 multiple choice options
A star's lifespan is inversely related to its ________
Mass (more mass shorter life)
3 multiple choice options
At the very center of the Milky Way lies ___________
A supermassive black hole (Sagittarius A*)
3 multiple choice options
Our solar system resides within which spiral arm?
Orion (Local) Arm
3 multiple choice options
Evidence suggests our galaxy has grown by _______
Absorbing smaller galaxies
3 multiple choice options
The Milky Way is part of a collection known as the ________
Local group of galaxies
3 multiple choice options
Eventually, the Milky is expected to _____________
merge with Andromeda into a larger galaxy
3 multiple choice options
Edwin Hubble's contribution to astronomy was _______
Inventing a system to classify galaxy types
3 multiple choice options
Galaxies are held together mainly by _________
Gravity and dark matter
3 multiple choice options
The Milky Way is estimated to be nearly as old as _________
the universe
3 multiple choice options
A galaxy's central bulge is a region rich in __________
Old Stars and dense stellar populations
3 multiple choice options
The Milky Way moves through space as part of _________
The virgo supercluster
3 multiple choice options
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Flashcards (21)