persuasion and propoganda

Logos

attempt to appeal to the audience’s intellect through the use of reasoning and logical arguments

ethos

trustworthiness and credibility of speaker.writer

pathos

appeal to the emotions of an audience

expert opinion

quoting or referring to experts on a particular topic

data and statistics

can be used as facts that support the logic of your argument

consequences

discuss what might hapepn as a result of an event, a policy, or an idea

local conseuqneces

suggest waht the immediate and idrect impact will be on the audience

long term consequences

suggest what the impat could be on the audience in the distant future

global conseuqneces

suggest the larger ramifications of what is being discussed in the quote. what might the impact be on the nation or the whole world?

compare and contrast

persuasive speakers and writers often point to similarities or differences between things in order to make a point

ilustration

the use of example to make ideas more undesrtable or familiar for an audience

• use a simile/metaphor or an analogy

• make an allusion to a historical event, a scene from literature, a current point etc

anecdote

brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something

bibliographic story is a personal ___

hypothetical situations

persuasive speakers and writers often create imaginary scenarios to make their point more powerful and vivid, used to make an emotional appeal

refutation

a refutation is the part of a persuasive speech or essay that brings up an opposing view and then argues against it. to write a refutation you briefly explain an argument that someone who disagrees with you might make and then you go into detail about why that opinion is incorrect. a truly persuasive speech or essay engages the strongest points from the other side.

concession

acknowledge that the opposing side is right about something

makes the speaker seem fair and trustworthy

clearly and thoroughly explain why it is not as important as your other ideas

concrete details

vivid descriptions that evoke the five senses, especially when creating emotional appeals and hypothetical situations

parallelism

repetition of words, phrases, or sentences that have the same grammatical structure or that state a similar idea

balanced sentence

a sentence consisting of two or more clauses that are parallel in structure

antithesis

the opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction

rhetorical questions

a question asked merely for effect with no answer expected

demonization

portraying the enemy as purely evil, remove all confusion about who the public should hate

name calling

create fear and arouse prejudice by using negative names to create an unfavorable opinion or hatred against person, people

negative assosciation

used to get an audience to disapporve of an action or idea by associating the target with something that is uslaly disliked

or by suggesting the idea is popular with groups hated, feared, or held in contempy by target audience,

glittering generalities

vague, sweeping statements using language with values and beliefs deeply held by the audience without providing supporting information or reason

appeal to notions such as honor, glory, love of country, desire for peace, freedom, and family values

suggests different things to different people but the implication is always positive

bandwagon

creates the impression of widespread support, reinforces human desire to be on the winning side, plays on feelings of loneliness and isolation, convinces people not on the wagon to join the wagon, convince people that if they don’t join they will be left out

plain folks

convince the audience that the spokesperson is from humble origins, someone they can trust, who has their interests at heart

ordinary language and mannerisms to reach the audience and identify with their pov

testimonial

associate a respected or famous person to endorse a product or cause by giving it their stamp of approval hoping that the intended audience will follow their example

transfer

carry over the authority and approval of something we respect and revere to something the propgandist woul dhave us accept, often employed using symbols (waving the flag)

emotional appeals

fear is the most common emotion

exaggeratedly playing on peoples emotions to get them to unthiknngly promtoe the war effort

gender appeal

ideas about masculinity or feminiity to manipulate people

authority

emotional desire to please authority figures and to be considered worthy by them

slogans

memorable phrases to foster support for a cause, short catchy phrases are easy to remember and pass on

half-truths

includes an element of truth but deliberately ignores other elements of itca

card stacking

make the best case possible for his side

worst case possible for the opposing view point by carefully using only those facts that support his or her side of the argument while attempting to lead the audience into accepting the facts as a conclusion.

propogandist stacks the cards against the truth

most difficult to detect bcs it does not provide all the informaiton necessary for the aduience to make an informed deicison

oversimplification

generalizations are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems

euphemisms

use glittering generalities and name calling symbols

atttemping to arouse their audience with vivid, emotionally suggestive words

attempt to pacify the adueince in orde to make an unpleasant relatively for palatable

accomplished by using words that are bland and eupehimistic

during war time civillian casualtiesi are referred to as collateral damage