Finals (HISTORY)

Northwest ordinance:

A. What freedoms granted in Northwest Ordinance are also included in the Constitution?

B. Describe the impact it had on creating new states

A. Both protect freedoms like religion, trial by jury, and due process of law (govt must follow fair rules and legal steps and giving them a chance to defend themselves)

B. It helped make new territories fair and stable so people were more willing to settle there and turn them into states under the const.

What is federalism?

Political system where power is shared b/t the national (federal) govt and state govts

What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?

Convince New York to support the constitution

What did Anti-federalists and Federalists think about national defense?

Anti-federalists- opposed national defense —> feared it would be used against citizens

Federalists- wanted national defense —> protect nation from external and internal threats

What did Anti-federalists and Federalists think about taxation?

Anti-federalists- opposed taxing—> feared it would increase size and power of federal govt and undermine state power

Federalists- supported —> to fund central govt and pay off revolutionary war debt and general welfare of country

What did Anti-federalists and Federalists think of the influence of the executive branch?

Anti-federalists- supported creating balance of power b/t national and state govts

Federalists- supported creation of strong govt with checks and balances

What did Anti-federalists and Federalists think of the bill of rights?

Anti-federalists- demanded a bill of rights—> fearing the strong new govt would abuse individual freedoms

Federalists- thought bill of rights was unnecessary because the constitution already limited govt power

Who created the enlightenment idea of the Social Contract? Explain the idea and how it impacted the formation of the U.S

Who created it: John Locke

The idea explained: people give the govt power to protect their gifts (life, liberty, property), and if the govt doesn’t protect those, they can change it

How it impacted formation of U.S: helped shape the Declaration of Independence and the constitution

Explain the enlightenment idea of the Separation of Powers. How did this idea show up in our constitution?

• It means govt power is split into parts so no one group has too much power/control

• 3 branches —> legislative, executive, judicial

What was the compromise of 1877? How did it lead to institutionalized racism in America?

• was an agreement b/t democrats & republicans for President Ruth B. Hayes

• Removed federal troops from the south, leaving African Americans unprotected which then lead to institutionalized racism

What were Jim Crow laws?

Laws that required the separation of whites and blacks

-in most public places: schools, transportation, restaurants, etc

What were miscegenation laws?

State laws that made it illegal to marry someone of a different race

-used to maintain white supremacy by preventing marriages b/t different races

13th amendment

Officially and permanently abolished slavery

14th amendment

Addressed citizenship rights and guarantees equal protection of laws to everyone

15th amendment

The right of U.S citizens to vote shall not be denied by the U.S no matter what race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Explain the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court decision. How did it lead to institutionalized racism in America?

• Homer Plessy sat in a whites only train car and refused to move —> got arrested for breaking the law

• Plessy claimed he was denied “equal protection” under the 14th amendment

• Supreme Court said it did not violate 14th amendment because of separate but equal facilities

• The ruling gave federal govt support to racist state laws, institutionalizing racism at the national level

How did native Americans view the U.S govt’s policy of “reservations”

Viewed it as a destruction of traditional lifestyles, confinement, limited, loss, failed promises from the U.S

What is assimilation?

Adapting to the culture of another group of people

• designed to force indigenous people to abandon their culture and adapt to American values

What was the purpose of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School?

Uprooted students from their traditional cultures and assimilated them into practices of white society

What happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn? What is the significance of that battle?

• Native Americans defeated Custer’s U.S army troops

• Significant because it became a major symbol of Native resistance to the U.S expansion

What happened at Wounded Knee in 1890? What is the significance of this “battle”?

• the U.S army attempted to disarm the Native Americans at Wounded Knee

• Shot was fired and soldiers of the U,S army’s 7th Calvary responded by shooting and killing 250-300 Native Americans

• Seen as the symbolic end of the Indian Wars

What was the Ghost Dance Movement?

Native American religious ceremony to remove non-Indians, restore the buffalo, and return life to their dead tribal ancestors

What were tenements?

Multi-family urban dwellings, usually overcrowded and unsanitary

What is the connection b/t immigration and industrialization?

Immigration provides massive labor force that is needed for industrial expansion

What is an ethnic enclave?

Neighborhoods or living areas in cities with a high concentration of a specific ethnic group

What is cultural diffusion? How does this connect to immigration?

• Spread of beliefs and social activities of one to a different culture

• As immigrants came to the U.S, they spread new culture traits (food, religion, language, etc)

How did the 1965 Immigration Act change immigration policy in the U.S?

• Repealed national origins quota system of 1920’s that kept certain nations out

• Established new immigration policy based on —> reuniting families, attracting skilled labor, political refugees

What impact did industrialization have on agriculture and farming?

• Made farmers more productive but also put many out of business

• Replaced human power with machines. But many farmers couldn’t afford this so they moved into cities to find jobs

What is urbanization?

Process where more people move from rural areas to the city to live and work

What is an assembly line? How id this impact the productivity of factories?

• Product moves down a line and each worker does one small step to build it

• Made factories much faster and able to produce more goods

Why did labor unions form in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

• Formed because workers had low pay, long hours, unsafe working conditions

• By joining together, they advocated reforms for these issues

What was the cause of the Homestead Lockout & Strike (1892)? What role did the govt play in bringing it to an end?

• Happened because workers at a steel plant were upset over wage cuts and poor working conditions, the company refused to negotiate

• The govt sent state militia to take control of the factory which stopped the strike

Explain the Laissez-Faire approach to an economy

• French word meaning “leave alone”

• Economic theory that claims a nation’s economy is strongest when it has little to no regulation by the govt

What was the book, “The Jungle” about? Who wrote it? What happened after the book was published?

• It was about terrible working conditions and dirty practices in the meat packing industry

• Written by Upton Sinclair

• After publication, the govt passed laws to inspect meat and make food safer

What was the Pure Food & Drug Act?

Law that put and end to untruthful labeling and sale of contaminated food and drugs

What is a muckraker? What are some examples of muckrakers from the industrial/progressive era?

• Muckraker was a journalist or writer who exposed problems in society (corruption, unfair business practices, unsafe working conditions) to then push for change

• Upton Sinclair—> meatpacking industry

• Jacob Riis —> showed poor living conditions in tenements

What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Law that made it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade

16th amendment

Allowed federal govt to collect income taxes from people (to make society better)

17th amendment

Gave citizens, instead of state legislators, the right to directly elect their senators

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote in the U.S

What are the differences between Imperialism and Isolationism?

Imperialism: tries to control other countries (land, resources, or influence)

Isolationism: country stays out of other countries’ problems and avoids conflict

What were the reasons the U.S engaged in Imperialism during the late 1800s?

1. U.S wanted raw materials (like sugar)

2. American competed with European countries for new markets to sell goods

3. U.S believed they had to spread “civilization” to inferior places in the world

4. U.S believed it needed an empire to be perceived as a major world power like Europe