period 4 - APUSH

marbury v madison

landmark supreme court case under jefferson

marbury v madison background

1. federalists lost 1800 election wanted control >

2. Adams decided to expand number of Federal judges >

3. appointed judges before adams left but paperwork not processed before Jefferson's inauguration

4. jefferson says appointments invalid and madison refuses to process it

explain marbury vs madison case

1. William Marbury petitioned SCOTUS for position

2. claimed Judiciary Act gave supreme court power to force Madison to process the paperwork

3. a. Chief Justice at time: John Marshal (federalist) ruled against Federalist party, rather in tune with Constitution, saying the part of the Judiciary Act Marbury tried to use was unconstitutional

importance of marbury v madison

a. Judges do NOT get their positions

b. Important: establishes concept of judicial review: supreme court can decide if a law is constitutional or not

i. If not, can void the law

why did jefferson want to reduce the size of the federal govt? what did he reduce?

1. federal government became too powerful under Federalists

2. reduced: taxes, army, national spending cuts

what does jefferson do that is against his strict constructionist belief

purchase of the Louisiana territory

treaty of san ildefonso

a secret treaty signed in 1800 which stated the formal transfer of Louisiana from Spanish to France again;

it was kept a secret from Britain because France was afraid that they would try to take control of it

Napolean refuses to allow US to use the lan

pickney's treaty

treaty between US and spain allowing US to use NOLA and Port of MS river

since jefferson did not want to go to war, sends livingston to france to negotiate the purchase of what

NOLA

napolean realizes needs money from lousiana why and sells for what

- still at war with Britian and needs money

- deals with slave rebellion in Haiti

- cost france to put haiti rebellion

sells for 15 mill - 3 cents per acre

why does jefferson buy louisiana purchase

- cheap

- fits into his agrarian vision for US

who explores louisana territory

lewis and clark with help of sacagawea

what did the new england states fear with the lousiana purchase

feared losing power and influence in Congress since New England were small states

explain essex junto

leader: aaron burr

- openly discussion secession form US just bc feared losing congress vote

explain what makes burr a murderer, fugitive, and treason

1. duels hamilton

2. charged with murder flees west

1) Burr and Governor James Wilkinson (military governor of LA) planned on forming a new nation in the west where Burr could be the leader

2) Wilkinson betrayed Burr and arrested him for treason

3) Burr was the fist person tried for treason under the Constitution.

4) Acquitted.

embargo act of 1807:

made why?

solution?

backfire?

JEFFERSON's new solution after Jay/XYZ fail to stop Britsih impressment

banned all foriegn trade

hope: britian and frances economies would suffer

backfire: only hurt us trade bc other coutries trade elsewhere

explain the 1808 congress decision on slaves and result in north v south

end US involvement in Atlantic slave trade (no more imports) but still domestic trade

north - sign of Federal govt stepping back from slavery and the north begins to emancipate more slaves

south - Expands slavery into new territory - over time making the entire slave population American born

who won 1808 election (after Jefferson) and during war of 1812

James Madison (dem rep)

by time madison takes office, congressment were fed up with britian not respecting neutrality

war hawks

who led the war hawks? what was the goal?

congressmen upset about brit impressment calling for war

john c calhoun and henry clay

what does madison ask congress to declare?

war

diffculties in war of 1812

1. jefferson had cut military size/spending

2. politcal divisions made hard bc federalists didnt support

why did federalists not agree with war of 1812

i. Believe too expensive

ii. Don't want to ally with France again

iii. Don't' want to add territory from Canada to the US

initially war did not go well for US, such as notably in 1814 Washington...explain

washington DC burned

who saved washington's official portrait

1st Lady Dolly Madison

explain how the war of 1812 turns to US favor

when US holds Fort Mchenry and brits must retreat

explain Star Spangled Banner origins

a. During the battle, lawyer and poet Francis Scott Key was being retained on British ship to negotiate, watched the attack on Fort McHenry and wrote poem Star Spangled Banner - national anthem in 1931

explained the Hartford Convention calling reason and demands

discuss govt, secession, and revise Constitution:

1. 1 term limit on prez (bc adams only 1 term)

2. a. Wanted it where president cannot be from same state as president before him (virginia dynasty)

3. embargo limits - foreign trade important so remove

4. increase voting requirements for congress to declare war, prohibit trade/ add new state to 2/3 requirements

NONE PASSED

viriginia dynast

i. Jefferson/Madison/Monroe all from Virginia (Virigina Dynasty) Dem-Rep

treaty of ghent

british could no longer pay for war due to french fighting

1. signed December 24, 1814 - no border changes for either nation

battle of NOLA (january 8th, 1815)

1. Adrew Jackson led American into battle once more

2. January 8, 1815 - impressive victory for Jackson, making him a hero and boosting American pride

3. Although takes place after the signing of peace treaty - one of most important batltles of war - ivolved NOLA

4. If lost , lose NOLA

explain the collapse of the federalist party

1. Results of war of 1812 = demise of Federalist

2. Already unpopular: John Adam's XYZ affair alien and sedition act + victory made Harford Convention = unamerican

3. When break, marks end of 1st party system - making only ONE party

explain the second national bank

1. 1st national bank made in 1791 with 20 yr charter. Charter expired in Madison in 1811, when expired, the nation's currency experienced inflation and unstable economy

2. Resolve: 1816 bank with another 20 year charter

who was president 1817-1825 *2 terms

jeames monroe

the era of good feelings under which president and explain

monroe's 2 term for positive feeling in america:

1. only 1 poltical party = unit

2. best relationship with britian

3. national pride after victory in war of 1812

explain mculloch v maryland

a. 1819 Maryland Legislature imposed a tax on branch of national bank in Baltimore

b. State taxing federal despite federal owns supreme

c. Bank said it was unconstitutional. Maryland replies that they can tax anything in their borders.

d. Marshall rules in favor of the National Bank - significant for shows that even in matters within a state, the federal institution is supreme

explain the reason for the American Colonization Society and what it was

1817 in response to emancipation of thousands of slaves in the north + anticipation of emancipating the southern slaves

monroe/clay (speaker) felt south lagged behind in terms of soical/industrialization

clay advocates to end slavery but felt freed slaves = racism THEREFORE send them to monrovia, liberia

explain the problems/failure of American Colonization Society

i. Many of the slaves were now American born

ii. Original slaves were from different countries with different languages and cultures - but not all have Liberian heritage

FAIL:

- nevery enough money/ slaves didnt WANT to go to Africa

explain the lives of freed african americans

i. Treated low class

ii. Worked low paying jobs

iii. Could not vote in most states

iv. Could not go to public schools

v. Segregated from white population in public venues

vi. Had to carry paperwork to prove they were free

even if a slave had paperwork...

they could be captured and sold into slavery at any point

solomon northup significance

1. African born free man

'

but kidnapped and sold into slavery as adult (while married with kids), even giving him a fake identity to make it look like he was born a slave -

spends 12 years before becoming free again and writes a book on his experience "12 years a slave"

2. In book, tells about treatment and owners, but happened to several people

benjamin banneker significance

Small number of free slaves were able to own their own land and small number were able to find success career wise

a) published almanack (book about all things in previous year - agriculture/policies yearbook)

b) survey and planned layout of Washington DC

explain sectionalism in north vs south

extreme loyalty to a region/regional intersets

explain the issue of missouri application for statehood (1819)

1. they had legalized slavery

2. when would enter union would upset the free state/slave state balance

3. north refused to allow missouri to goin union but south upset

4. henry clay made missouri compromise

Missouri Compromise

i. Missouri was allowed to enter the union as a slave state

ii. Had to also admit Maine as a free state

iii. To prevent future issues: established the Missouri Compromise Line using the 36' 30" longitude line only applying to Louisiana territory

iv. All new states above the line would not be allowed to have slavery

v. All new states under the line would be open to slavery

vi. Exception: Missouri itself

JQA

was Monroe's Secretary of State and was really making a name for himself in foreign policy with treaties "Great Negotiator

rush bagot treaty

1. Britian treaty where both nations agreed to lower the amount of vessels in the Great Lakes

a. But too many boaters = violence

49th parallel

1. agreement with Britian to establish 49th Parallel as the northern border of the Louisiana Purchase (which had not been clear at the time)

adams-oni treaty

1. Spain

a. negotiated with Spain allowing US to purchase Florida for 5 million dollars and

monroe doctrine

a. Written by JQA (but Presidents name)

b. Announced that European nations were no longer allowed to (new) colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere and if they tried, the US would stop them

c. US declares itself leader of Western Hemisphere

d. Basis of our foreign policy for years to come (till WWI) and

e. isolationist policy because we also say that we will not get involved in affairs of Europe (leave us alone, we leave you alone)

isolationist policy

a policy of abstaining from an active role in international affairs or alliances, which characterized US foreign policy toward Europe during most of the 1800's

explain the advances in transport east of appalachian

1. water transport

2. toll roads (turn pikes)

3. inland waterways (canals)

explain the travel west of appalachian

1. MS river

2. if no water acess= self sufficient = lower living

what two great changes defined US economy

1. growth of mechanization of industry (industrial rev)

2. expansion and integration of markets (market rev)

explain how manufacturing improved in early 1800s

shift from hand crafted > factories and division of labor

division of labor

1. manufacturing an item was divided into different parts; each person was responsible for a different part.

explain factories supervision and division of labor in early 1800s which caused what?

factories - all under 1 roof supervised

division of labor - each person responsible for a part

== more efficieny and lower production cost, icnreasing profit

explain the shift in nature of work in 1800s

once autonomous set own hours now working under supervision with set hours

what did the british try to do to remove american textile competitin

a. Did not allow machinery to be exported.

b. Did not allow mechanics to emigrate.

why did british attempts to stop us textile production fail

a. American companies offered big money and partnerships to entice British mechanics to sneak to the U.S.

Mechanics trying to make money went to America disguised as

US textile advantages

a. Natural resources

b. Cotton industry, wool, rivers for water power

british textile advantages

a. Cheap shipping and better technology - so they could import American cotton cheaply to be manufactured and sent to America to be sold. (Price would still be lower than American textiles.)

b. Well established companies - could afford to temporarily drastically lower prices and put American factories out of business.

c. Larger population - cheap labor; lower cost of production

how did US try to decrease British textile compettition

starting in 1816 - passed protective tariffs to make British cloth more expensive in U.S.

lower prices > lower production cost = improve tech and cheaper owrkers

Francis Cabot Lowell

Lowell was an American merchant who spied on British textile mills to get their plans and use them in the US and hea.

created textile looms that were faster and needed less workers than the British machines.

waltham plan

i. Used farm girls and women to work in the factories - cheap labor.

ii. Attracted them by offering boarding, activities, and a paycheck.

iii. Appealed to their parents - strict curfews, church attendance, no alcohol allowed

explain the life of the lowell mill girsl

i. Some did not want to be a burden to a struggling family - went off to work.

ii. Some sent their money home to help support their family - pay mortgage, education for brothers.

iii. Some kept the money for themselves and had fun.

iv. Long and monotonous work days around loud machinery (not glamorous).

v. But, earning money gave girls a sense of freedom.

concerns of workers in US

1. length of workday

2. wagse

3. working conditions

explain the formation of unions reasons

1. To address their concerns, wage laborers formed workers' unions.

a. Organizations of workers.

b. Purpose was to work together (strength in numbers) to achieve their goals in the workplace.

explain union strikes

when issues not addressed by empolyers, the people would refuse to work until demands met -

employers replace striking workers with strikebreakers/scabs = made strikes ineffective bc willing to work in conditions strikers protested

explain the 1820s and 30s wage strike

a. lots of female workers went on strike demanding higher wages and at first, it worked! But it changed in the 1840s when immigration increased and most were poor.

i. The immigrants were willing to work for lower pay, so they were hired to replace the striking workers.

why did employers fight the unions in 1830

a. Would not hire workers who belonged to unions.

b. Employers circulated blacklists of union members.

c. Agreement among manufacturers were made to not hire union members.

explain the overproduction in the factories

a. Would not hire workers who belonged to unions.

b. Employers circulated blacklists of union members.

c. Agreement among manufacturers were made to not hire union members.

market revolution

the dramatic increase in the exchange of goods and services (1820-1850).

This transportation system of canals across US

caused both a market revolution and a migration of people to the Greater Mississippi River basin.

market rev change in transport

As more products were being produced, merchants worked to get them to consumers in faster and cheaper ways. = more canals linking atlantic with states

by 1860, nearly 1/3 of the nations citizens lived in what states

8 of states in MS river basin

the 4 states made in the midwest due to market rev

caused both a market revolution and a migration of people to the Greater Mississippi River basin.

a. 5 states created the "Midwest": Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin

3 other states due ot market rev

Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota

what did the new states from market rev add

1. These states created a rich agricultural economy and industrializing society similar to that of the Northeast

1820 canals were made where

along the Atlantic coast with the newer states west of the Appalachian Mountains

explain ways of improving transportation of goods (transportation revolution)

1 turnpikes, canals, steamboats, railroads

turnpikes (transportation revolution)

1. toll roads

2. one major turnpike was national road -

> interstate highway

> purpose was to connect Midwest to Atlantic coast

erie canal (transportation revolution)

1. major canl in NY (over 360 miles)

2. connected lake erie to hudson river (midwest - atlantic)

3. major enginering feat - longest canal prior to this was less than 30 miles

steamboats (transportation revolution)

- fulton built first one in 1803 but unable to pass shallow river of US

- improved in 1820s and helped cut travel time

railroads (transportation revolution)

1. 1850 age of railroads

2. began to replace canals at the most efficient form of travel

how did US finance the transportation revolution

1. mostly paid by state/locacl govts

2. had to raise taxes to fund them

3. mostly in north

3. south doesn't support theinternal bc dont need

explain the 2 new types of cities between 1820 and 1860

1. industrial towns

2. commercial cities

industrial towns

1) sprouted along the "fall line" - where rivers descended rapidly from the Appalachian Mountains to the coastal plain.

2) Examples: Lowell, Massachusetts; Hartford, Connecticut; Trenton, New Jersey; Wilmington, Delaware

commercial cities

1) Expanded as transit centers where workers transferred goods from farmers' rafts and wagons to steamboats or railroads

2) Examples: Pittsburg, PA; New Orleans, LA; Cincinnati, OH; St. Louis, MO; Detroit, MI; Chicago, IL; Buffalo, NY

what caused the new classes in america

1. The Industrial Revolution and Market Revolution improved the lives of many Americans, who now lived in larger houses, cooked on iron stoves, and wore better-made clothes.

2. Yet in the booming cities, the new economic order spawned distinct social classes.

3. By creating a class-divided society, industrialization posed a momentous challenge to America's republican ideals.

business elite

1. Small class

2. Very wealthy

3. Controlled a large percent of the nation's wealth

4. Merchants, landlords, manufacturers, bankers'

5. Nice possessions - clothes, home, carriages

6. Servants worked in their homes

7. Kept themselves isolated - socially and residentially - from others of lower classes

a. Did not associate with those of lower classes

b. Lived on the outskirts of the city (had the means to travel into work)

middle class

1. Growing class

2. Business owners, professionals (doctors, lawyers), contractors

3. Husbands made enough money so wives did not have to work

4. Had material comfort:

a. Production was more efficient so goods were less expensive

b. Could buy many things for family - clothes, furniture, carriages, new "appliances" (furnaces, ice boxes)

5. Wives and daughters were literate

6. Sent children to high school

7. Morality and discipline was stressed to children

explain middle class self made man

a. Works hard and saves money

b. Successful because of his own work

c. Social mobility was an important idea at this time for the middle class - wanted to be a part of the elite.

new urban poor

1. Did not have job security

a. Often worked short-term jobs like constructing homes, factories, canals, roads or railroads.

b. If times got tough, they were laid off.

2. Unskilled workers

3. Uneducated

4. Paid very little - barely enough for rent and food

5. Few material possessions - could not afford it, even with lower prices

6. Children often worked

7. Struggled to survive

8. Lived in overcrowded, rundown, unclean conditions

explain the benevolent empire movment goal and target

the growing disorder among wage earners alarmed rising middle classes who desired safe cities and diciplines work forces

embraced religious benvolence led by Congretional and Presbyterian ministers

made organizations of concervative social reform that historians call the Benevolent Empire

goal = restore moral govt of God by reducing consumption of alcohol and other vices that resulted in poverty

believed could fix with moral diciplines

benevolent empire examples of adressing issues

targeted social evils:

a. Drinking - temperance movement

b. Prostitution

c. Adultery

d. Crime

sermons/advice

a. Banning activities - like carnivals of drinking and dancing

b. Established refuge homes and insane asylums

c. Moral rehabilitation for criminals

d. End to physical punishment for criminals

e. Boycotts of businesses that were open on Sundays

f. Campaigned for blue laws - would prevent certain activities on Sundays (drinking, games, festivals, business)

explain 1800s voting rights for men change

1. As early as 1776, states began to allow propertyless men to vote.

2. By the 1820s, only 3 states still had property requirements for voting (Rhode Island, Virginia, North Carolina - in case anyone is curious)

3. This changed politics because elite political candidates were no longer attractive to many voters - they wanted to see simple men that they could relate to.

explain 1800s voting rights for women and afrianc amerians

1. As voting was opened up to more white men, it was further closed to African Americans and women.

2. State legislators wrote-in gender and race restrictions into state laws to keep voting limited to white men only.

explain 1800s changes in marriage traditions

1. In colonial America, fathers often arranged the marriages of their children (remember the marriage portion)

2. Remember that as land holdings decreased, the power they had over their children decreased.

3. Children started choosing their own partners.

4. Marriages became more about love and happiness than an economic merger.

explain 1800s changes in role of women

1. In colonial America, fathers often arranged the marriages of their children (remember the marriage portion)

2. Remember that as land holdings decreased, the power they had over their children decreased.

3. Children started choosing their own partners.

4. Marriages became more about love and happiness than an economic merger.