World Geo Midterm

Five Themes of Geography: Location

Where is it?

Absolute Location

exact location

Relative Location

describes a place in relation to another

Five Themes of Geography: Place

describing the human or physical charactistics of a location

human place

WWII museum

Physical place

Mississippi river

Five Themes of Geography: Movement

the spread of people, goods, and ideas

Five Themes of Geography: Religion

grouping areas together that share common characteristics

Five Themes of Geography: Human Environment Interaction

how humans adapt, depend, and modify the world to our needs

Human geography

human world and man-made items

Physical geography

Earth’s natural systems, climate, atmosphere, landforms, oceans, seasons, and physical processes of Earth

Latitude

lines that measure north and south of the equator

Equator

most important line of latitude

What degree is the North Pole?

90N

What degree is the Arctic Circle?

66N

What degree is the Tropic of Cancer?

23.5N

What degree is the Equator?

0

What degree is the Tropic of Capricorn?

23.5S

What degree is the Antarctic Circle?

66S

What degree is the South Pole?

90S

Longitude

lines that encircle Earth over the poles

Prime Meridian

starting point of longitude (0 degrees)

What is the distance between every time zone?

15 degrees

International Date Line

180 degrees

Hemispheres

represents halves of the globe

What does the Equator divide?

Northern and Southern hemispheres

What does the PM divide?

Eastern and Western hemispheres

Map projections

flat representation of Earth that is distorted

Map title

shows the purpose/subject of the map

Map key/legend

explains the colors ad symbols

Locator map

where an area is located on a larger map

Scale

space on the map and actual given distance on earth

Global grid

shows lines of latitude and longitude

Inset map

shows area outside of the map and close-up

Flow line map

shows the movement of ideas, goods, people, or processes

Physical map

focuses on showing the natural terrain on Earth’s surface

Political Map

shows man-made features like cities, states, borders, highways, etc.

Qualitative/Thermal Map

represents a certain theme; uses colors, lines, dots, and symbols

Atmosphere

“blue halo” that surrounds Earth; layer of gasses that lets people breathe, protects the Earth from radiation, and the basis for weather and climate

Biosphere

where all plants and animals live

hydrosphere

encompasses all water elements

lithosphere

rocky portions of earth

weather

exact moment

climate

longterm weather

continental drift

tectonic plates float on earth and move slowly every year

tectonic plates

plates made from the crust

pangea

original earth when all of the countries were one

continental collision

as 2 plates push together, the plates crumble and push upwards, creating a mountain range

divergent boundary

when 2 plates begin to spread apart and new crust is created; creates ridges, expanding the ocean floor

transform boundary

2 plates will begin to slip against each other, leading to earthquakes

subduction

when one plate dives underneath the other; forms volcanoes and trenches

Physical weathering

when rock is broken down into smaller pieves by physical forces

chemical weathering

when rock s broken down by a chemical reaction

wind erosion

picks up and blows soul while creating large sabd dunes by carrying loose soil and rock

glacial erosion

when glaciers begin to retreat and grind away rock underneath it, creating U-shaped valleys

water erosion

shapes land masses; water eating away at land

Ring of Fire

horseshoe-shaped zone around the Pacific Ocean known for its high frequency of earthquakes and volcanic activiity

Tsunami

large ocean wave that causes massive destruction

Volcano

when the heavy ocean floor slides under lighter land, it creates steam and hear, which melts the rocks below. The melted rock rises up and forms this

Low/Tropical Zone of Latitude

areas above and below equator, hot all year, constantly getting direct sunlight, 0-30 degrees

Mid/Temperate Zone of Latitude

experiences all true seasons; where most people live; 30-60 degrees

High/Polar Zone of Latitude

coldest climate on planet; not much vegetation; 60-90 degrees

Easterlies

winds in the polar zone

Westerlies

winds in the temperate zone

Trade Winds

winds in the tropical zone

rainshadow effect

caused by winds and mountains; one side of mountain is a certain climate, one side is desert; dry winds cause desert; rainshadow effect: desert side

elevation

how far you’re up from sea level; as you go up in elevation, the cooler it gets

proximity to water/ocean currents

if you are closer to water, the climate is warmer; the ocean is constantly moving cold water down and hot water up

global warming

earth getting hotter

climate change

earth’s climate changing; happens naturally, but humans are speeding it up

greenhouse effect

a natural phenomenon where the atmosphere absorbs enough of the sun’s rays to warm the planet

How does the greenhouse effect work?

certain gasses in the Earth’s atmosphere trapping heat, preventing it from escaping into space

pollution

occurs in air, land, and water when harmful material enter the environment

desalination

the process f removing salts and other minerals from water

Culture

a person’s way of life

Cultural Diffusion

spreading of culture from one place to another

Christianity

Christians, Bible, Holy Sunday, Founder: Jesus, Monotheism: God

Judaism

Jews; Torah; oldest religion; still waiting for Messiah; Monotheism: God

Islam

Muslims; Monotheism: Allah

Hinduism

Hindus; Cows are sacred; no meat; Polytheism

Buddhism

Buddhists; moral way of life; no God

Population Geography

the study of the change of population overtime

Migration Patterns

the pattern of people moving from one place to another

Push and Pull factors

reasons why people migrate

Push factors

why people are pushed to leave their home (negative); wars, poverty, no jobs, conflict, housing

Pull factors

why a person may be pulled into another country (positive); freedom. education, jobs, climate

Population Density

the number of people per unit of land area

Population Distribution

refers to how people are spread across a particular land area

World Population

the amount of people on earth; 8 billion

What is the world’s most populous country?

India is first and China is 2nd

Birth Rate

represents the number of live births per 1000 individuals a year

Death Rate

indicates the number of deaths per 1000 individuals a year

Infant Mortality Rate

the number of children that die before their 1st birthday (per 1000 live births)

Negative Population Growth

when the death rate is larger than the birth rate

Life Expectancy

the average age someone lives in a given area

What country has the longest life expectancy?

Japan

What are some population growth factors?

brith rate, death rate, immigration, emigration

Population Pyramids

reveals demographic trends like birth/death rates, life expectancy, and growth patterns

Overpopulation

relationship between the number of people on Earth and the resources available

Autocracy

rule by one; usually inherited or taken by force