PSY 219 - Test III

Native Americans view poor health
as an imbalance between _____ and _____

self & environment

Latin Americans view poor health as an imbalance between _____ and _____

hot & cold

China views health as a balance between _____ and _____

yin & yang

The U.S. views health through a _____ _____

biomedical model

Hippocrates (Western
Europe/ North America
until recently) views health as a balance between the 4 humors. What are the 4 humors?

blood, black & yellow pile, poo, phlegm

define pathogen

an identifiable source, like a virus or a bacteri

define diathesis stress model

a theory suggesting that mental disorders and medical conditions are caused by a combination of an inherent predisposition and the person's experience of stress

define biomedical model

Disease results from pathogens, genetic abnormalities, or physical insults

define biopsychosocial model

to understand a person's medical condition, it is not simply the biological factors to consider, but also the psychological and social factors

define phlegm

the stuff that like runs out your nose or you cough up

define yin and yang

If one becomes unbalanced in the body, illness occurs

define life expectancy

average number of years a person is expected to live from
birth

define infant mortality

infant deaths (1yr or younger) per 1000 live births

define maternal mortality

deaths of mothers per 100,000 live births

define subjective well-being

a person’s feelings of happiness and life satisfaction

what are the worldwide health indicators

life expectancy, infant mortality, maternal mortality, and subjective well-being

define normative commitment

staying because you want (“my job is rewarding, and I enjoy coming to work each day”)

define continuance commitment

staying because you need to (“my salary and benefits get me a nice house in a nice area”)

define affective commitment

Staying because you ought to (“my boss has invested so much time in training and mentoring me”)

define distributive justice

how resources are distributed

describe productivity/merit when it comes to the different types of distributive justice

somebody gets the better office, or the promotion because they’re earning more money or they’re more valuable to the company on some metric/in some area

describe seniority when it comes to the different types of distributive justice

how long you've been working that job. You might get first choice of a vacation over someone else

describe family size when it comes to the different types of distributive justice

people who have bigger families get first pick over people who have no children or are married

define procedural justices

how decisions are distributed

define/describe dictatorship when it comes to procedural justices

one person makes the decisions

define/describe democracy when it comes to procedural justices

people vote and the majority of the vote wins

define/describe oligarchy when it comes to procedural justices

a small group of people make the decision

define/describe ringi system when it comes to procedural justices

(popular in Japan) - very slow to get the decision made, but once the decision is made, it's a very fast implantation process

define/describe paternalistic when it comes to procedural justices

a dominant, assertive figure operates as the matriarch/patriarch whom employees must trust, obey and be loyal to

what are the 8 cultural values related to the American negotiation process

time, individual control, specialization, pragmatism, democracy, equal opportunity, independence, competition

define/describe time when it comes to the American negotiation process

"time is money"

define/describe individual control when it comes to the American negotiation process

we control our fates, we should control our fates, and nobody else should tell me what I should do, or how my fate should be

define/describe specialization when it comes to the American negotiation process

Americans love to do just one thing we're good at, and we don't want to do anything else

define/describe pragmatism when it comes to the American negotiation process

Americans oftentimes don't have one specific way of doing something --> we have many ways!

define/describe democracy when it comes to the American negotiation process

Americans oftentimes think they should get a vote if it affect them

define/describe equal opportunity when it comes to the American negotiation process

in the U.S., we place a lot of value on self-made people, people getting to where they are very merit (in other cultures, there are people who've always been rich/poor)

define/describe independence when it comes to the American negotiation process

In America, we think we should be able to do our own thing without someone looking over our shoulder / micromanaging us

define/describe competition when it comes to the American negotiation process

In America, we'll compete with people we shouldn't be with

where does NOVA land on power distance

mid - teachers do have power over students (setting the schedule, setting the rules, etc), but if the teacher misbehaves, they could get in trouble by the dean (checks & balances)

where does NOVA land on individualism vs. collectivism

ind - never asked to sacrifice for another student, don't know how other students are performing in a class, etc.

where does NOVA land on masculinity vs. femininity

fem - not a super competitive school, trying to get you to a higher education

where does NOVA land on high vs. low uncertainty

student handbook (100+ pages), faculty handbook, protocols, etc

where does NOVA land on short vs. long term orientation

long - strive for bachelors (or higher), track you post-NOVA

where does NOVA land on indulgent vs. restraint

ind - easy to find an advisor, can create their own groups, etc

define groupthink

a collective pattern of thinking that hinders effective group decisions

list the 7 symptoms of groupthink

pressure to conform, self-censorship, mind guarding, illusion of invulnerability, illusion of unanimity, collective rationalization, excessive stereotyping

describe pressure to conform when it comes to groupthink

one person, especially authoritative figures, has power pressuring everybody to come to a specific decision before you're actually thinking about it

describe self-censorship when it comes to groupthink

people keep their mouth shut and don't say why option A is a bad option

describe mind guarding when it comes to groupthink

people try not to learn about any decision other than the favorite option

describe illusion of invulnerability when it comes to groupthink

if the group thinks that they're not going to get in any trouble if they make a bad decision, they're more likely to make bad decisions

describe illusion of unanimity when it comes to groupthink

if it seems like everybody is in agreement (because no one said anything) then they're more likely to go along with it

describe collective rationalization when it comes to groupthink

everybody uses their massive frontal loobes to decide why option A is right, and nobody even considers option B or option C

describe excessive stereotyping when it comes to groupthink

one side demonizes the other side and vice versa. Stereotyping the other group (as immoral / stupid) don't have to listen to them

define social striving

when people work harder in a group than they do individually (more likely to happen in collectivist cultures)

define social loafing

when people work less hard in a group than they do individually (more likely to happen in individualistic cultures)

define Latin type

an organization with a lot of centralization (a lot of hierarchy & tends to have a lot of rules written down)

define Anglo-Saxon type

less centralization, more diffusion of power and decision-making, and less hierarchy in the bureaucracy

define Third World type

greater centralization of decision-making, less formalization of rules, and a more traditional family orientation

define individual level in an organization culture

the culture that the individual brings with them to the workplace

define intraorganizational level in an organization culture

the culture within the business (very competitive & driven OR family-like

define interorganizational level in an organization culture

how a business interacts with other businesses (of the same type, but it can be other businesses)

define conflict

(not always bad) incompatible needs, differing demands, contradictory wishes, opposing beliefs, or diverging interest which produce interpersonal antagonism and, at times, hostile encounters

define intractable conflict

(always bad) mismatch beliefs and desires that is so long lasting. Such that new people who are growing up in the culture, they grow up learning about the conflict, and believing the conflict

define conflict management

any way to deal with a conflicting set of beliefs, behaviors, attitudes, or desires (management could be good or bad)

define bystander involvment

people not involved in the conflict getting involved

define casual conversation

with the bystanders help, people are not attacking each other --> doesn't trigger a negative reciprocity

define psychology of inevitability

(not avoidable) if humans think something is unavoidable (can't avoid it), we tend to make peace with it. But if we think we can overturn it, we don't make peace with it

describe self-restraint as a peaceful solution

loss of face for those who lose their tempers. negative emotions are thought to bring more problems and/or illness

describe walking away as a peaceful solution

sometimes the best thing to say is this relationship/issue isn't going to work, we're not going to be able to come to an agreement, so let me just remove myself from this situation so I don't continue to get hurt

describe social rejection as punishment as a peaceful solution

practiced by the Amish, if somebody commits a big crime, the men (higher status) meet together, and they may make a decision to shun the party that's in the wrong. And when somebody is shunned in the Amish culture, no one is allowed to speak or to interact with them

describe humor as a peaceful solution

in the Borneo culture, they train people to make fun of themselves, to not take themselves so seriously, to not be sensitive. During their big celebrations, there is always a series of entertainment where people make jokes about each other (the higher status you are, the more people make fun of you). During these rituals, you're supposed to laugh, and if you get angry, you look bad

describe no punishment as a peaceful solution

sometimes we hurt people, and we're legit sorry/didn't mean to, and sometimes the appropriate thing is to not punish the person because punishment just adds worse and doesn't bring you anything

describe integrating interests strategy as a conflict resolution strategy

when you come to a negotiation looking for win-win situation. Both people can be happy, and it doesn't hurt one another. Nobody loses

describe differing to status/power as a conflict resolution strategy

we are going to get somebody with more power than us to decide yes or no

describe applying regulations as a conflict resolution strategy

we don't know, or we can't come to an agreement with ourselves, so what we're going to do is we're going to look up what it says in the handout, and we're going to follow the handbook

describe changing the culture as a conflict resolution strategy

sometimes it's appropriate to say this culture of practice cannot continue - it needs to change

describe war as another conflict resolution strategy

I can't get these other people to agree, so I'm going to try and force them using aggression, killing them, torturing them, and imprisoning them to agree

describe mediation as another conflict resolution strategy

somebody is not involved in the dispute (nothing to gain/nothing to lose from the dispute) come in and help you guys come to an agreement

describe civil disobedience as another conflict resolution strategy

when you break the law in a non-violent way, so that nobody gets hurt by your behavior, but you're protesting the law/the unfair rules

describe accommodation as another conflict resolution strategy

when humans hold back their natural tendency of reciprocity (reciprocity is this universal idea that of someone does something, you return in kind)

describe forgiveness as another conflict resolution strategy

the people that are trying to get even tend to worse mentally than the people who forgive. So, if you want to be forgiven, sometimes it's good for you to forgive others as well

describe Ho's strategies as another conflict resolution strategy

compromise - both parties give up a little bit, and get a little bit
capitulation - where one party gives in completely to the other party
coexistence - you both say we're going to do our own thing, and we promise not to get mad

Korena airlines had multiple crashes due to cultural norms, how did they change the culture to decrease the plane crashes?

because the culture in the cockpit was so hierarchical/high power, they changed the culture to be more like the U.S. (co-pilots can take over if pilots are tired)

too many innocent, usually black men, people of color are killed in interactions with police when they have no weapon, and they are not suspected of committing a violent crime. How do we change that culture

cooperation, expectation of inevitability, equal status of all group members, and positive group expectations of success

how does long-term stress affect health

it is most often linked to high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease

describe cultural factors correlated with health in regard to Ebola

a young African woman tries to teach people like her from her same cultural background about how Ebola is spread with this idea of maybe if an insider tries to tell people about this disease, we'll have more luck in compliance

describe cultural factors correlated with health in regard to HIV

The disease was stigmatized, and a lot of people were saying, this is God's punishment on gay people for being gay (it actually used to be known as a gay disease)
Only once you started to have celebrities come out and say that they are positive and/or support the cause did thinking shift,
and did the homophobia diminish, so that funding was being raised to study the disease

describe cultural factors correlated with health in regard to COVID

a lot of innocent Asian people have been attacked and even killed, and they've experienced more hate, crimes, microaggression, discrimination,

describe how the Type A personality affects health

getting a lot of things done, being workaholic, but also associated with early death from cardiovascular disease

describe how racism affects health

people who experience racism is stressful, and it affects your housing, it affects your jobs it affects how much you earn makes you more likely to be poor, and so negatively affects your outcomes. It is most often linked to um
high blood pressure

describe how the immigrant
paradox affects health

immigrants that come to the U.S. maintain a lot of their own diet and their own cultural practices that buffer them from physical health problems.

describe how individualism affects health

if people have meaningful social relationships, they have less health problems, were less likely to die, live longer, and were happier. If they had poor relationships, they had more health problems. They died younger and were more miserable.

describe how the Type A personality affects health

associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease

define psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems

define drug therapy

also called pharmacotherapy, is a general term for using medication to treat disease

define lifetime prevalence rates

proportion of persons surviving to a given age who have experienced the disease at any time during their lives

define introspection

Looking inside and talking about your emotion

define schizophrenia

Psychological disorder characterized by delusions & hallucinations, lack of motivation social withdrawal, impaired memory and disorganized emotion (e.g. flat affect –lack of emotion)

define depression

Physical changes (e.g. sleep, appetite), Motivational changes (apathy, boredom), Emotional changes (hopelessness, sadness), Behavioral changes (loss of energy)

describe ADHD

Inattention (easily distracted), Impulsivity (irrupting others, having trouble waiting one’s turn), Hyperactivity (climbing, fidgeting)