Speech & Hearing Final Exam

Descriptive Research

Researcher observe and record behavioral events and try to systematize the relationships among them is called

Experimental Research

The experimenter observes and records behavior under controlled conditions in which experimental variables are systematically changed by the experimenter.

Laryngeal scope

looks at real vocal fold movements
2 types:
-Flexible laryngeal scope
-Rigid laryngeal scope

What is Research?

is the question asking and finding scientific ways to answer those questions?

Tools for ear & throat doctor in larynx exam

-Light and mirror
-Tongue blade
-Otoscope as light to view

The full body____can be used to measure changes in ____ lung volume.

Plethysmograph, lung

The test requiring a radioactive isotope is

PET scan

CT Scan (Computed Tomography)

used X-ray t produce multiple images/picrure of the inside of the body.

CT scans produce

2-dimensional images of a "slice" or section of the body, but the data can also be used to construct 3-dimensional images.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

NO EXPOSURE TO RADIATION
Uses a powerful magnetic field, and a computer to Construct Picture Images from the body.

fMRI

is the MRI in action when performing task while pictures are being recorded.

PET is a

nuclear imaging technology that enables visualization of metabolic processes in the body or the use of radioactive isotope.

PET scan can take images of

cell, cancer, heart, brain and CNS structure.

Video stroboscope and Stroboscope

are the devices that are used to record vocal fold movements in real time.

Vocal cords vibrate at

a minimum of 120 cycles/second

Fiber Optic endoscope

is NOT the best choice, as it is a regular recording. It can NOT slow down the speech of the video or vocal fold movement.

An endoscope

is the smallest camera that attaches to a soft flexible tube which connects to the computer to record images.

Electromyography is

a device that is used to record muscle action potentials.

Laryngeal scope and Photoglottography

are the devices that can be used to obtain information about variations in glottal states.

When the speech scientist wants to study which parts of the cortex are involved in different subprocesses of speech production, the best instrument to use will be______.

fMRI

Components of Reseach

1.Establish questions
2.Review literature
3.Method
4.Research questions
5.Analyze results
6.Answer questions
7.Discussion

Dependent

Can be changed

Independent

Condition (set, truth)

Computer as research tool

-creating stimuli
-waveform editing
-speech synthesis with pattern playback system
-perceptual testing

Oscilloscope

shows dB and time

Spectrum

Intensity vs frequency

Waveform

Intensity vs time (dB vs time)

Spectrogram

Frequency vs time vs intensity (all 3)

Speech analysis has 3 different methods

1. Waveform
2. Spectrum
3. Spectrogram

Oscilloscopes are a form of

waveform analysis.

2 types of spectrum

Narrow and wide band

Narrow band

Frequencies and amplitudes of f0 and harmonics
generated by FFT

Wide band

frequencies and amplitudes of formants
generated by LPC

Narrow Band

uses 30-50 Hz

Wide Band

uses 300-500 Hz

How to edit speech stimuli

by making the speech sounds/stimuli to meet your needs.

Process for speech synthesis

1. Text
2. Break down into words
3. Create readings and accents
4. Generate prosody
5. Generate timbre
6. Synthesized speech

A disadvatange of speech is

that it may not be natural speech.

Physiology

function

Anatomy

structure

Instruments can measure

muscular activity, movements associated with respiration, phonation and articulation, structures involved in speech, nervous system activity during speech.

Electromyography (EMG)

measures electrical activity of neural signals to muscles
it is useful for recording muscle actions

3 types of EMG

1. General EMG
2. Oral EMG
3. Facial Muscle EMG

Direct Assessment

of sub-glottal pressure IS invasive.
(ex. tracheal puncture)

Indirect Assessment

is LESS invasive.
(ex. pharyngeal pressure)

Spirometer

measures airflow during non-speech tasks.

The flow during speech is usually collected via

oral-nasal face mask (pneumotachograph)

Nasalance

a baffle between the nose and mouth separates nasal from oral airflows.

Plethysmography

speaker is sealed in a closed system
provides a measure of respiratory volume changes

Pneumography

air/lung graph
coils are placed around speakers body
expansion and contraction of thorax and rib cage yield changed in electrical signals

Laryngoscope

images the larynx

Electroglottography (EGG)

paired electrodes on either side of thyroid cartilage pass a small current across the larynx
provides measure of vocal fold contact area

Ultrasound

used to see fetus in the uterus
inaudible sound waves are passed into tissues
useful for imaging tongue contours

Palatography

measures contact between tongue and palate

Magnetometry

subject sits in magnetic field
receivers generate a current as they move through magnetic field

For the PET scan

the person must be injected with radioactive substance

Event-related potentials (ERP)

electrodes are placed around skull
activity of neurons are recorded at surface

Which methods are difficult to use in a clinical settings?

Endoscopy
MRI

Which methods are easily incorporated into clinical use?

Ultrasound
Pneumography
Palatography

____is a method of measuring the movement and shape of any anatomical structures by bombarding them with super high frequency sound waves on screen.

Ultrasound imaging

_____unit consists of muscle fibers innervated by a single motot neuron.

Motor

A recorder of body volumes from which respiratory movements can be inferred.

Pneumotachograph

A device uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside the body to examine various conditions from damaged ligaments to tumors.

MRI

An instrument used to measure impedance across the vocal fold is

Electroglottograph