MCB 2610: Exam 3 pt. 11

chlorophyll a is found in?

eukarya and cyanobacteria

difference between chlorophyll a and b?

chlorophyll b has an ester group added

organisms that use chlorophyll undergo __ photophosphorylation

oxygenic

organisms that use bacteriochlorophyll undergo __ photophosphorylation

anoxygenic

difference between chlorophyll a and b vs. bacteriophyll

chlorophyll a and b wavelength of energy and absorb high energy light

why does chlorophyll a and b need a lot of energy?

to split water for electrons

bacteriochlorophyll is used in?

bacteria and archaea

do organism that used bacteriochlorophyll use water as an electron donor

no because wavelength of light they use doesn't have enough energy to pull e's off water

accessory pigments absorb at the same or different wavelengths than chlorophyll/bacteriochlorophyll

different

photosystems

I and II

do all bacteria use the same amount of photosystems

no some use both systems and some use one system

if bacteria use one photosystem which one do they use?

photosystem I

photosystems are composed of?

numerous antennae that absorb light energy

photosystems - light energy is passed to?

electron in reaction center

photosystems - electron is sent on to?

electron transport system

if you use both photosystems is the ETC going to be longer with more proton pumpers or shorter with less proton pumpers?

longer with more proton pumpers

anoxygenic - excites electrons off of something other than?

water

oxygenic - excites electrons off of?

water

phototrophic fueling processes - chlorophyll based phototrophy, we use __ to excite electrons and we do not use the __/__ pathway

light, TCA/glycolytic

oxygenic photophosphorylation is also known as

photosynthesis and oxygen as its end product

anoxygenic photosynthesis - who usually uses it?

anaerobic aquatic bacteria

anoxygenic photosynthesis - is water used as an electron source?

no so no oxygen is produced

anoxygenic photosynthesis - uses what kind of chlorophyll and mechanisms to generate reducing power?

bacteriochlorophylls

anoxygenic photosynthesis - carried out by?

phototrophic green bacteria, phototrophic purple bacteria and heliobacteria

oxygenic photosynthesis - carried out by?

photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

oxygenic photosynthesis - uses one or both photosystems?

both

oxygenic photosynthesis - oxygen is generated and released into?

the environment

oxygenic photosynthesis - most important pigments are?

chlorophylls a and b

oxygenic photosynthesis - short wavelength for water to?

knock electrons off of water

accessory pigments transfer?

light energy to chlorophylls

bacteriorhodopsin based phototrophy - who uses it?

some archaea

bacteriorhodopsin

membrane protein which functions as a light-driven proton pump

is an electron transport chain involved in bacteriorhodopsin based phototrophy

no

bacteriorhodopsin based phototrophy uses potential energy to

drive ATP synthase

bacteriorhodopsin based phototrophy -- proton pump is activated by?

light

anabolism - biosynthesis uses energy from?

catabolism

what do organisms need to synthesize new organelles and cells (12 precursor metabolites)

carbon sources and inorganic molecules

is a little bit of energy or a lot of energy needed for anabolism?

a lot

how do microbes synthesize new cellular components?

by generating 3 precursors in TCA cycle from major metabolic pathways

you can utilize precursors to build common building blocks which are?

amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleic acids and lipid fatty acids

to form macromolecules cells use a common them - they use building blocks to form?

polymers and macromolecules

is turnover always continuous?

yes

turnover

continual degradation and resynthesis of cellular constituents

metabolism is?

carefully regulated in response to organisms environment

biosynthesis efficiency - large molecules are from small molecules which?

saves genetic storage capacity, biosynthetic raw materials and energy (ex. 20 aa used to make all proteins)

biosynthesis efficiency - many enzymes do double duty (amphibolic)

used for both catabolic and anabolic processes

biosynthesis efficiency - some enzymes function in one direction only so they can be?

regulated independently

biosynthesis efficiency - anabolic pathways are irreversible driving the biosynthetic reaction to completion, this is important because?

we don't want to waste any energy

biosynthesis efficiency - catabolism and anabolism are physically separated - compartmentation (typically in gram-negatives because of larger periplasmic space)

pathways operate simultaneously yet independently

biosynthesis efficiency - catabolism and anabolism use different co-factors

catabolism produces NADH and anabolism uses NADPH as an electron donor

biosynthesis efficiency - large assemblies form spontaneously from macromolecules by?

self-assembly

precursor metabolites come from TCA or glycolysis - critical step in anabolism, what is used as starting substrates for biosynthetic pathways?

carbon skeletons

precursor metabolites are intermediates that allow us to

build things