AP Lang - Rhetorical Fallacies

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Ad Hominem

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16 Terms

1

Ad Hominem

“Against the Man”, personal attacks

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2

Begging the Question

Circular Reasoning

  • Assuming the conclusion

  • Restating the premise

  • Assuming the conclusion is true

  • Assuming the conclusion is true in a different way

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3

Either or Reasoning

Assuming extremes/polar opposites and not considering any alternatives.

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4

Emotional Appeal

Too many emotions/pathos.

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5

False Analogy

When 2 cases are not parallel enough to lead readers to accept a connection between them.

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6

Generalization

Writer bases a claim upon an isolated example and applies it to all instances

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7

Non-Sequitur

“It does not follow”. One statement isn’t logically connected to another.

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8

Post hoc Ergo proctor hoc

“After this therefore because of this”. Assuming that because one thing occurred after another, it must have occurred as a result of it.

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9

Red Herring

When an irrelevant issue is raised as an attempt to distract

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10

Straw Man

Arguing against a claim that nobody actually holds.

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11

Bandwagon Appeal/Ad Populum

Claim that an idea is right just because a lot of people agree with it.

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12

Force and Fear/Ad Baculum

Proponent threatens audience to accept argument. Fear mongering.

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13

Appeal to Celebrity(Authority)/Ad Verecundiam

Appeal to an authority figure irrelevant to the argument

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14

Pity/Ad Misericordium

Appeal to accept an argument out of pity for the arguer

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15

Non Disproof

Argument should be accepted because no one has proved it wrong, not because anyone has proved it right

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16

Undistributed Middle

Parts of a premise may or may not overlap. Middle term is undistributed in the sense that all instances of a conclusion are also instances of the premise.

  • ex. “All whales have hair, all humans have hair, all whales are human”

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