BREATHING & EXCHANGE OF GASES (NEET Notes)

Fill in the blank flashcards covering the key concepts of respiration, breathing mechanisms, exchange of gases, transport, regulation, and common respiratory disorders as presented in the notes.

Respiration is the process of breakdown of food in the presence of __.

oxygen

Breathing is the exchange of __.

gases

Diffusion is the mechanism of breathing in simple animals such as __.

sponges, coelenterates, and flatworms

Earthworms respire through their moist __ cuticle.

cuticle

Insects respire via __ tubes.

tracheal

Gills are the respiratory organs of most aquatic and .

arthropods and mollusks

Lungs are the respiratory organs of terrestrial vertebrates including __, reptiles, birds and mammals.

amphibians

Cutaneous respiration occurs through the __ skin in amphibians like frogs.

moist

The cartilaginous box which helps in sound production, called sound tube, is the __.

larynx

The epiglottis is a thin elastic cartilaginous flap that prevents entry of food into the __.

larynx

The pleural membrane is a __ membrane that covers the lungs.

double layered

The primary site for exchange of gases is the __.

alveoli

The pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture is called its __.

partial pressure

The exchange of gases across alveolar membranes is called __.

diffusion

Oxygen is transported in the blood largely by __.

haemoglobin

Haemoglobin + O2 forms __.

oxyhaemoglobin

The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve is __.

sigmoid

Under normal conditions, one liter of oxygenated blood can deliver about __ mL of O2 to tissues.

5

A portion of CO2 is transported as __ ions in the blood.

bicarbonate

A small percentage of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma as __.

dissolved CO2

CO2 reacts with water under the action of __ to form carbonic acid.

carbonic anhydrase

Carbamino-haemoglobin is formed when CO2 binds to __.

haemoglobin

About 70% of CO2 is transported as __ ions.

bicarbonate

Every liter of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately __ mL of CO2 to the alveoli.

4

Regulation of respiration is primarily by the respiratory rhythm centre in the and the centre in the pons.

medulla; pneumotaxic (centre)

A chemosensitive area adjacent to the rhythm centre is highly sensitive to CO2 and __ ions.

H+

The aortic arch and carotid bodies are receptors that monitor changes in blood chemistry and are called __.

chemoreceptors

The role of oxygen in regulation of respiratory rhythm is __.

insignificant

Asthma is an allergic inflammation of the __.

bronchioles

Emphysema is majorly caused by long-term exposure to __.

cigarette smoking

Silicosis is caused by inhalation of __.

silica

Anthracosis is caused by inhalation of __ dust.

coal

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the __.

bronchi

The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is associated with the __ phase of respiration.

inspiratory

The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is associated with the __ phase of respiration.

expiratory

Hypoxia is a condition in which tissues do not have enough __.

oxygen