Week 2: Classification & Phylogeny/cell division, Fungi- Chapters 26, 12, 13, 31

analyze this chart

Analyze the Linnaean classification system

What is hierarchical?

• known as the Linnaean classification 

• grouped from largest to smallest or smallest to largest

What is phylogenetic systematics

• it shows cladograms

• how to interpret cladograms

• how to build cladograms

What is a phylogenetic tree

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called a phylogenetic tree

What are the domains of the Linnaean classification system?

• Kingdom, Phylum, Class Order, Family, Genus, and Species

• Mnemonic: King Phillip Came Over For Good Sleep

Take a look at what the 1. Branch point 2. evolutionary lineage 3. sister taxa 4. and ancestor looks like on a tree

What are two more alternatives to a regular horizontal phylogenetic tree? 

• vertical and diagonal 

What is autotropic? 

• “self feeding”

• photosynthesis 

• chemosynthesis

What is heterotropic?

• “feed on others”

• intracellular digestion

• extracellular/ external digestion and/or absorption

Do Bacterias have a true nucleus? Do they have big or small prokaryotic cells?

What is the cell wall made up of?

1. No true nucleus

2. Small prokaryotic cells

3. cell wall is made up of Peptidoglycan

Do Archaea have small or big prokaryotic cells? Do its cell walls contain peptidoglycan? Are archaea “Extremophiles”? Describe what Extremophiles mean

1. They have small prokaryotic cells 

2. Its cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan 

3. They are extremophiles, meaning they can tolerate heat, high salt, etc

Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Are they often single-celled? Are protists heterotropic or autotropic? Name some examples of protists.

1. They are eukaryotic

2. they are often single celled

3. they can be heterotropic, autotropic,or both

4. Amoeba, algae, plasmodium

Are plants Eukaryotic? Are they Multicellular? How do they consume nutrients and in what organelle does it occur in? What is the plant cell wall made up of?

• Plants are eukaryotic

• Plants are multicellular

• They are photosynthetic, and it occurs in the chloroplasts

• the cell wall is made up of cellulose

Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Are they multicellular or single celled? What is the cell wall of fungi made up of? Are fungi heterotropic or autoptropic?

• Fungi are eukaryotic

• They are multicellular

• the cell wall is made up of chitin

• they are heterotropic because they cannot make their own food

Are animals eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Are they multicellular? Do they have cell walls? Are they heterotropic or autotropic? 

• They are eukaryotic

• they are multicellular 

• they do not have cell walls 

• they are heterotropic 

Remember that:

While the Linnean system may distinguish
groups, it does not indicate different groups’
evolutionary relationships to one another
– E.g., how are birds and reptiles related?

analyze this tree

What is Homology? 

similarity due to shared ancestry 

What is Analogy?

Similarity dude to convergence (Similar adaptations to similar environments; not shared ancestry

What is a clade?

• It means “branch”

What does bifurcating mean? 

it means that the groups of organisms are derived from a common ancestor by bifurcating (the branches splits two way) 

What is apomorphy? what is synapomorphic?

1. Each two way splitting branch (bifurcating) is based upon the acquisition of a new unique character — a new trait is apomorphy 

2. Shared derived traits

what does maximum parsimony mean?

the branch pattern that
can be created with the fewest required steps is
most likely the most correct

what is monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic group? 

What happens in meiosis 1 & 2

Meiosis 1: Homologous paired chromosomes separate (diploid—→haploid)

Meiosis 2: sister chromatids separate (duplicated—→unduplicated)

Name three variation methods of sexual reproduction

1. independent chromosome assortment

2. crossing over

3. fertilization

Are Fungi eukaryotic? Are Fungi multicellular? What is fungi wall made up of? Are they autotropic or heterotropic? Do they spend most of their life in haploid or diploid?

• Fungi’s are eukaryotic

• they are multicellular (only yeast are unicellular)

• Fungi wall are made up of Chitin

• They are heterotropic

• and they spend their life mostly in the haploid stage

what makes up the Fungi’s Mycellium?

• A mass of hyphae

What are the two types of hyphae?

• Septate

• coenocytic

  

How are fungi heterotropic?

• They secrete exoenzymes for external digestion

• absorb nutrients from environment

• they store fuel as glycogen (like animals)

• They are major decomposers

• many are parasitic

• many are mutualistic symbionts- meaning they live with a host

• some are predatory

How does it look when the fungi absorbs nutrients from the host?

The “arbuscule” will kind of attach itself to the plasma membrane but it will not break through, and then it absorbs nutrients.

What is the general lifecycle of fungus? And how do the haploid hyphae mate with another haploid hyphae?

• They mate with haploid hyphae from another mycelium

• the hyphae could be same species but different mating type

• they are prevented from mating with its own hyphae

• they are attracted by pheromones

Can fungus reproduce asexually too?

yes

Phylum Mucoromycota (Rhizopus)

• a common mold we see in food such as bread and strawberries

• an example we will be looking at is Rhizopus

What is Mycorrhizae?

When a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, where the fungi extend the plant's root system into the soil to access water and nutrients, while the plant provides the fungi with sugars from photosynthesis

Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi)

• they have fruiting bodies

• ex. mushrooms/shelf fungus

Describe the lifecycle of mushroom

Phylum Ascomycota (Sac fungi)

• ex. yeast

• single celled ascomycetes

• includes baker’s and brewers yeasts

What are other symbiotic relationships other than mycorrhizae? what are the differences between lichen and mycorrhizae?

• lichens

• important pioneer species on cleared rock and soil

• The main difference is that lichens are a partnership between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium, while mycorrhizae are a partnership between a fungus and a plant root