Are couples becoming more equal?

What does Gershuny argue about women working and the division of labour?

Women going out to work leads to a more equal division of labour, so women do less domestic work

What did Sullivan find about trends in domestic labour?

There is an increase in couples with an equal division of labour and an increase in men doing traditional women’s tasks.

What did the British Social Attitudes Survey find about gender roles?

There has been a fall in people believing that the man’s job is to earn money while women look after the house and family.

What do feminists argue about women’s paid work and equality?

Women having paid work does not increase equality in the division of labour.

What is the feminist view on the ‘new man’?

There is little sign of the new man who shares housework and childcare equally, causing women to have a dual burden.

What does the British Social Attitudes Survey show about gendered tasks?

Tasks are still divided by traditional gender roles

What does Allan argue about women’s domestic tasks?

Women’s tasks are seen as less fulfilling, which is why they are not shared equally.

What did Boulton find about fathers’ involvement in childcare?

Fathers help with specific childcare tasks that usually do not involve responsibility for the child’s security and well‑being.

What did Ferri and Smith find about fathers and childcare?

Fathers took responsibility for childcare in fewer than 4% of families.

What did Dex and Ward find about fathers and childcare?

Only 1% of fathers took the main responsibility for caring for a sick child.

What did Braun, Vincent and Ball find about fathers’ involvement?

Helping with childcare was more about the relationship with their partner than with the child.

What does Hochschild say about emotional work?

Women are responsible for emotional work, such as managing arguments between siblings

What do Duncombe and Marsden argue about women’s workload?

Women perform a triple shift of housework, paid work and emotional work.

What did Southerton find about quality time?

Women are responsible for ensuring quality family time, but this is harder due to juggling work, leisure and family demands.

How do men and women experience leisure time differently, according to Southerton?

They have equal amounts of leisure time, but men’s is uninterrupted while women multitask and continue childcare, causing a dual burden.

What do Crompton and Lyonette identify as explanations for the gender division of labour?

An ideological explanation and an economic explanation.

What is the ideological explanation for the division of labour?

It is determined by patriarchal norms, as domestic labour is expected of women and what they are socialised into.

What is the economic explanation for the division of labour?

Men earn more, so they should do less housework and childcare and focus on earning money.

What evidence does Gershuny provide for the cultural explanation?

Couples whose parents had an equal relationship were more likely to have one themselves, showing the importance of parental role models.

What did Kan find about younger men?

Younger men are more likely to do domestic work.

What did the Future Foundation find about generational change?

Men claimed to do more domestic work than their fathers, while women claimed to do less than their mothers.

What does the British Social Attitudes Survey show about norms?

There has been a long‑term change in norms.

What did Dunne find about lesbian couples?

What did Dunne find about lesbian couples?

What did Kan find about women’s earnings and housework?

What did Kan find about women’s earnings and housework?

What did Arber and Ginn find about middle‑class women?

Better‑paid, middle‑class women can buy more labour‑saving devices such as ready‑made meals, cleaners and babysitters.

What did Ramos find about unemployed men?

In households where the woman is the breadwinner and the man is unemployed, the man does as much domestic work as her.

What does Crompton argue about equality and gender?

There is no connection between gender and equality in the division of labour; it depends on economic equality.

What did Sullivan find about full‑time work?

Working full‑time makes a big difference to how much domestic work each partner does.