Studied by 3 people
attributions
qualities or features regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of someone or something
dispositional attributions
the process of explaining the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own, by crediting the person’s internal disposition (personality/internal factors)
situational attributions
the process of explaining the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own, by crediting the external situation (external factors)
explanatory style
how people explain good and bad events in their lives and in the lives of others (can be optimistic or pessimistic)
optimistic explanatory style.
a person’s tendency to explain negative events as being temporary, specific, and external to themselves, meaning they attribute bad situations to outside factors that are not their fault and won’t last long
pessimistic explanatory style.
a tendency to explain negative life events as being caused by internal, stable, and global factors, meaning a person attributes setbacks to their own personal flaws, believing they are permanent and will affect many areas of their life, often leading to a more negative outlook on situations
actor-observer bias
the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes.
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably.
internal locus of control
a perception that one controls their own destiny/fate
external locus of control
a perception that chance or outside forces determines fate
mere exposure effect
the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
social comparison
a type of person perception that occurs when people evaluate themselves based on comparisons to other members of society or social circles
upward social comparison
comparing oneself to someone perceived as better off, which can motivate self-improvement but can also lead to feelings of inadequacy
downward social comparison
comparing oneself to someone perceived as worse off, which can boost self-esteem
relative deprivation
the feeling of being deprived of something valuable compared to others in one’s social group, even if one’s absolute circumstances are not poor. it arises from comparing oneself to others, creating a perception of lack rather than an actual shortage of necessities. this often leads to feelings of entitlement, discontent, or resentment
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
cognitive load.
the idea that our working memory has a limited capacity and when we exceed that capacity, learning becomes difficult
prejudice
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. __________ generally involves negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
implicit attitudes
individuals hold but may be unaware of or may not acknowledge
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
out-group homogeneity bias
those perceived as different from one’s ingroup (“them”)
in-group bias
people with whom one shares a common identity (“us”)
ethnocentrism
believing that one’s own ethnic group is the most important and its culture is better than others
belief perseverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
confirmation bias
the tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one’s decisions and/or beliefs
cognitive dissonance
a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors that produce feelings of discomfort
social norms
a group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members’ attitudes and behaviors
social influence theory
social pressure to think or behave in certain ways (conform) can be normative or informational
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
informational social influence
influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
persuasion
changing people’s attitudes, potentially influencing their actions.
elaboration likelihood model
describes the change of attitudes and aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and how they change attitudes
central route
occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments.
peripheral route
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.
halo effect
the tendency for positive impressions of a person (or company, brand or product) in one area to positively influence one’s opinion in other areas about that same person
foot-in-the-door technique
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
door-in-the-face technique
asking first for a big favor (or one that is likely to be denied), then after being turned down, the askee agrees that the request was excessive and asks for something less… something that the person actually wanted in the first place
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
obedience
complying with an order or a command.
individualism
a cultural pattern that emphasizes people’s own goals over group goals and defines identity mainly in terms of unique personal attributes.
collectivism
a cultural pattern that prioritizes the goals of important groups (often one’s extended family or work group).
multiculturalism
a perspective that emphasizes the value and importance of diverse cultures coexisting and interacting within a society. it encourages understanding and respecting cultural differences rather than enforcing assimilation.
group polarization
the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
diffusion of responsibility
if more people are present, the responsibility for helping spreads amongst all present
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
social facilitation
in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.
false consensus effect
individuals overestimate the extent to which their beliefs, opinions, or behaviors are shared by others… meaning they think everyone’s opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are the same as theirs
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
social traps
a situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists
psychologists that focus on workplace dynamics, providing employers and leaders with insight on how to get the most out of their employees, promote a positive workplace environment, increase job satisfaction, and bring together effective teams
burnout.
a state of emotional and physical exhaustion, lowered productivity, and feelings of isolation often caused by work-related pressures
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
prosocial behavior.
actions that benefit other people or society as a whole, such as helping, sharing, donating, volunteering, etc
social debt.
an emotional meta state which accumulates guilt from unpleasant social interactions
social reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
social responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help.
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
situational variables.
external factors within the environment that could potentially influence a participant's behavior during an experiment
attentional variables.
factors that influence or affect a person's ability to focus their attention, including things like the complexity of stimuli, the number of distractions present, personal motivation, and individual differences in attention capacity, which can be manipulated or measured in a psychological study to observe how they impact behavior or cognitive performance
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Flashcard (33)