Module 1

Anterior

front

posterior

back

dorsal

back

ventral

belly

proximal

toward point of origin

distal

away from point of origin

medial

closer to midline

lateral

further from midline

superficial

surfaced

deep

deep

right

right of specimen

left

left of specimen

median

middle

Sagittal plane

divide into right and left

frontal plane

divide into anterior and posterior

transverse plane

divide into superior and inferior

transverse axis

moving left and right (sagittal plane)

sagittal axis

move anterior and posterior (frontal plane)

longitudinal axis

move up and down (transverse plane)

3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid

• helps with nutrition

• waste removal

• mechanical- physical protection

3 locations of choroid plexus in the brain

lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

flow of CSF

Lateral ventricle —> interventricular foramina —> 3rd ventricle —> aqueduct —> 4th ventricle

4 methods that protect the brain

bones, cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier

Hydrocephalus

impaired circulation and removal of CSF. CSF buildup leads to distortion of the brain and enlargement of the cranium

Longitudinal fissure

separates right and left hemispheres

transverse fissure

separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

lateral sulcus

separates temporal and frontal lobes

precentral gyrus (location)

frontal lobe

premotor area (location)

frontal lobe. anterior to motor area

postcentral gyrus (location)

parietal lobe

primary somatosensory association area (location)

parietal lobe

Broca’s area (location)

frontal lobe. Lower anterior of premotor area. left side

Primary motor area (function)

precentral gyrus. Controls skeletal muscle

primary somatosensory area (function)

interpretation of stimuli. skin and muscle

premotor area (function)

planning premotor reflexes (muscle memory)

Broca’s area (function)

planning area for speech

Temporal lobe (function)

hearing and smell

Occipital lobe (function)

vision association cortex

frontal lobe (function)

decision making, planning.

parietal lobe (function)

sensory information

Commissures

left and right communication. corpus collosum

Association fibers

anterior and posterior communication. white matter

projection fibers

superior and inferior communication

basal nuclei (function)

controls starting, stopping, and the intensity of motor movements, inhibits antagonistic muscles during movement

How does the basal nuclei relate to Huntington’s disease?

The symptoms of the disease are associated with basal nuclei functions

thalamus (location)

In the diencephalon. “Head of seahorse”

hypothalamus (location)

in the diencephalon. “Nose of seahorse”

thalamus (function)

relays information

hypothalamus (function)

coordinates the nervous and endocrine system. (body temp, thirst, hunger, sex drive, emotions, autonomic nervous system)

what and where are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Midbrain (Mesencephalon), pons, medulla oblongata

midbrain (function)

Startle reflexes, substantia nigra, communication between lower and upper brain functions

corpora quadrigemina

4 lobes posterior, superior and inferior colliculi

Superior Colliculi

2 lobes, visual startle reflexes

Inferior colliculi

2 lobes, auditory startle reflexes

pons (location)

between midbrain and medulla oblongata

pons (function)

regulate respiration (not control), coordinate involuntary skeletal muscle movements and muscle tone, relaying info to and from the brain/spinal cord

Cerebellum (location)

posterior and inferiorly to cerebrum

cerebellum (function)

maintain balance (unconscious awareness), smooth and confines actions of voluntary and involuntary movements

vermis of the cerebellum

ridge that joins the cerebellum, superior side

medulla oblongata (location)

inferior to pons

medulla oblongata (function)

physically connects brain with spinal cord, relay station, controls the viscera (blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate)

medullary pyramids (location)

anterior surface of medulla oblongata

12 pairs of cranial nerves and roman numerals

1. Olfactory (N I)

2. Optic (N II)

3. Oculomotor (N III)

4. Trochlear (N IV)

5. Trigeminal (N V)

6. Abducens (N VI)

7. Facial (N VII)

8. Vestibulocochlear (N VIII)

9. Glossopharyngeal (N IX)

10. Vagus (N X)

11. Accessory (N XI)

12. Hypoglossal (N XII)

Olfactory nerve (function)

special sensory, smell

Optic nerve (function)

special sensory, vision

oculomotor nerve (function)

motor, eye movements. visceral motor. runs 4/6 eye muscles

trochlear nerve (function)

motor, eye movement. 1 eye muscle. superior oblique muscle (SO4)

trigeminal nerve (function)

mixed, sensory and motor. sensory to anterior face. muscles of mastication (chewing)

abducens nerve (function)

motor, eye movements. last eye muscle. Lateral Rectus muscle (LR6)

facial nerve (function)

mixed, sensory and motor. sensory from taste receptors (tip of tongue). motor- tear ducts, 2/3 salivary glands, facial muscles.

vestibulocochlear nerve (function)

special sensory. balance and hearing

glossopharyngeal nerve (function)

mixed, sensory and motor. tongue, does posterior third of tongue. somatic motor- pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing, visceral motor- parotid salivary gland

vagus nerve (function)

mixed, sensory and motor. innervates majority of thoracic and abdominal organs and sensation to all those areas.

accessory nerve (function)

motor. controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

hypoglossal nerve (function)

motor, tongue movements

what are the common changes to the CNS associated with aging?

• reduction in brain size and weight

• reduction in # of neurons

• decrease in blood flow to brain

• changes in synaptic organization of the brain

• intracellular and extracellular changes in CNS neurons

  • if you kill brain cells, they are dead

Define anastomosis and why it is important