EXAM 3- SLHS 2204

What did studies suggest about the ability of certain apes to comprehend human utterances?

Certain apes can understand utterances similar to a 2-year-old child.

What method is used to test infants' recognition of their mother's voice?

High Amplitude Sucking Paradigm

How do infants in the illocutionary stage typically communicate their needs?

Through gestures and sounds

What can result from a dysfunction in the MAOA gene?

High concentrations of serotonin

What did the study by Petrovich-Bartell, Cowan, and Morse (1982) demonstrate about mothers' perception of their infants' cries?

Mothers are able to rely on specific acoustic information in differentially labeling cries

Which of the following is not a category of assessment in the area of emotional engagement?

Understanding stories

What type of smile occurs in response to another's social presence?

Social smile

What gene is involved in degrading neurotransmitters like serotonin at the extracellular level?

MAOA

Which assessment area focuses on an infant's ability to understand functional words and instructions?

Language comprehension

What is the significance of mutual gaze in infant development?

It is crucial for establishing a communicative link.

What concept explains why newborns are more likely to cry for attention?

Perlocutionary communication

How soon after birth can mothers typically recognize their infant's cries?

Within the first few postpartum days

What did Meltzoff & Moore (1977) comment on regarding newborns' face representation?

Newborns' face representation is detailed from birth

What is the significance of laughter in social situations?

It has a social function

What is one way that mothers recognize their infants?

By their odors, cries, and tactile characteristics

Which type of cry is associated with higher mean intensity and lower frequency of the second formant (F2)?

Pain cry

What is the main finding of the study by Farroni et al. (2002) regarding newborns and eye contact?

Newborns prefer mutual gaze

What characteristic of rat laughter was identified by Dr. Jaak Panksepp?

It is around 50 kHz

What does the term "super altricial" refer to in the context of infant development?

Requiring high levels of nourishment

The "Strange Situation" experimental procedure is used to assess what?

Infant's attachment style

At what age do infants typically begin to engage in joint attention by following the caregiver's gaze?

6 months

At what age do infants typically begin signaling intentions through gestures and vocalizations?

6 months

What does the illocutionary stage of communication signify in an infant's development?

Intentional communication through gestures and vocalizations

Which stage of communication is characterized by the use of first words to convey intentions?

Locutionary stage

What is the significance of gaze following in infant development?

It is crucial for establishing a communicative link.

What does intentionality in infant communication indicate?

Conscious direction of behavior towards influencing others

Which type of joint attention involves a shared activity that provides the focus of attention?

Joint action

What behavior is often observed in infants with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) regarding eye contact?

Reduced attention to central features of the face, especially the eyes

How do caregivers typically engage infants in joint attention?

By using their line of sight to locate the object of the infant's interest

What does the term "protoimperatives" refer to in infant communication?

Behaviors to signal a caregiver to retrieve an object

What is the main finding of the study by Farroni et al. (2002) regarding newborns and eye contact?

Newborns prefer mutual gaze

What is mutual gaze also known as?

Eye-lock

What is the primary focus during the perlocutionary stage of communication?

Producing an effect on the listener

Which type of gaze involves synchronized looking behavior, including looking at the same object or direction?

Gaze coupling

Which stage of communication is characterized by the caregiver inferring the baby's intentions?

Perlocutionary stage

Which type of gaze is used to point out or indicate an object within the environment?

Deictic gaze

What is the primary developmental milestone during the locutionary stage?

Using first words to communicate intentions

What is the primary function of dyadic social-emotional games like peek-a-boo?

To enhance joint engagement states

What is joint reference in the context of infant-caregiver interactions?

Shared attention focused on an object

Which term describes the ability to point to objects being referenced using words and gaze patterns?

Dexis

Which type of play is characterized by the appropriate use of an object, like using a spoon to eat?

Functional play

What term describes a child's ability to use one thing to represent another in play?

Symbolic function

What developmental milestone is indicated by a child following simple verbal commands around 24 months?

Cognitive development

What is the term for a context or situation that sets the occasion for interaction with a preschooler?

Setting event

What kind of play reflects advances in social, cognitive, motor, and language skills?

Symbolic play

Which concept involves the ability to gauge and adjust language based on the listener's abilities?

Linguistic perspective

When does symbolic play typically first appear in children?

Between 12 and 24 months

What kind of play involves the combining of two or more objects in a nonfunctional manner?

Relational play

At what age do children typically take simple objects apart and reassemble them?

24 months

Which type of speech act involves children talking to themselves during play to reflect on their emotional state?

Affect expressive monologue

What is an example of functional stimuli that can set conversations with preschoolers?

All presented:

- Hunger

-Perfumes

-Books

-Toys

What kind of context is created by routines in preschoolers' conversations?

Pragmatic context

What did Ungerer & Sigman (1981) find about symbolic play in autistic children?

It is absent or limited

Which of the following types of play is most closely related to language development?

Functional and Symbolic play

What is the primary function of self-guidance in preschoolers' private speech?

To guide their own actions

At what age do children typically construct a tower of seven to eight blocks?

36 months

Which type of play involves children playing independently but near each other, possibly using the same toys?

Parallel play

What type of monologue involves children playing together but their talk does not acknowledge each other's utterances?

Associated monologue

When do children generally understand the concept of today, yesterday, and tomorrow?

5 years

What type of speech act is used to request information, action, or acknowledgment from another individual?

Request

Which Piagetian stage involves the development of logical thought but only in concrete situations?

Concrete operational

What is symbolic function in cognitive development?

The ability to use symbols, like words or objects, to represent other things

What is the ability to recognize that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?

Object permanence

What is the significance of means-end behavior in language development?

It has a strong relationship with later language development.

In the experiment by Held et al. (2011), what was the main finding about newly sighted individuals and their ability to match seen with felt objects?

The newly sighted fail to match seen with felt objects initially but improve with time

What stage of Piaget’s theory involves the development of abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking?

Formal operational

What is the term for the cognitive process of structuring patterns of interaction to deal more effectively with the environment?

Organization

What Piagetian stage involves infants learning about the world through their senses and actions?

Sensorimotor

What ability is demonstrated when infants recognize a cross-modal correspondence between auditory and visually presented speech information?

Bimodal perception

In Piaget's theory, what process involves incorporating new experiences into existing cognitive structures?

Assimilation

Which cognitive development principle involves modifying cognitive structures to fit new experiences?

Accommodation

What does cross-modality recognition refer to?

Matching information across different sensory modalities

Which Piagetian stage is characterized by egocentrism and symbolic play?

Preoperational

According to Piaget, what is the first stage of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor

What principle is fundamental to the development of intelligence according to Piaget and involves the need for balance?

Equilibrium

What type of play involves using objects as they are intended to be used, reflecting an understanding of their functions?

Functional play

What is the cognitive ability to apply a behavior pattern to achieve a desired goal known as?

Means-end behavior

What principle of cognitive development involves the process of organizing new experiences to achieve balance?

Adaptation

What cognitive ability allows children to mentally represent reality and is closely related to language development?

Symbolic function

At what age did Kuhl & Meltzoff (1982) find that infants could match articulatory movements with corresponding sounds?

18-20 weeks

State the age range during which children typically develop the ability to engage in "cooperative play."

4 to 5 years

Recall the primary function of deictic gaze.

To direct attention to an object of interest

Identify the main focus of "means-end behavior" in early development.

Applying a specific action to achieve a desired outcome

Recall the primary focus of the "Strange Situation" test in attachment theory.

Observing infants' reactions after the mother leaves and then returns to the room

Describe the concept of "joint attention" in early communication development.

Shared focus on the same object or event

Describe the term "private speech" as used in early childhood development.

Self-directed speech used to guide one's actions

Recall the primary focus of the "Strange Situation" test.

Observing infants' attachment behaviors

Identify the type of smile that occurs in response to another person's social presence.

Social smile

State the typical age when infants start showing intentional communication.

6 months

Recall the primary focus of "pragmatics" in language development.

Using language in social contexts

How might a speech-language pathologist adapt a therapy session for a bilingual child with speech delays?

By incorporating activities that support both languages and cultural backgrounds

Predict the outcomes of limited social interaction during early childhood on language development.

Delayed language development

Apply your knowledge of the perlocutionary stage by identifying the main form of communication used by infants in this stage.

Crying

Illustrate the difference between social smiles and reflexive smiles in infants.

Reflexive smiles are responses to internal physiological stimuli.

How would you apply the concept of object permanence in a practical scenario to support language development in infants?

By playing hide-and-seek games with toys

Develop a plan to assess an infant's ability to recognize their mother's voice.

Using recorded voices of strangers

Modify a typical play routine to include activities that promote symbolic representation in infants.

Using toys and actions that represent real-life objects and scenarios

Experiment with different methods to calm a crying infant and identify which is most effective.

Singing lullabies

How would you illustrate the difference between symbolic play and functional play in early childhood development?

Showing a child using a block as a car and using a spoon to eat illustrates key aspects of play development

Apply your understanding of the perlocutionary stage by identifying the type of gaze most commonly used in this stage.

Mutual gaze