World History Unit Ten

John Milton

English poet, polemicist, and civil servant. His 1667 epic poem Paradise Lost was written in blank verse.

Edmund Spenser

English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I.

Francois Rabelais

Former monk. French humanist, wrote the comic masterpieces Gargantua and Pantagruel, stories contained gross humor.

Giotto

An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

Dante Alighieri

philosopher, writer, and poet who was deeply involved in Italian politics, including the battles between the popes and monarchs of his time. He held political offices at different times throughout his life. Although he wrote many poems and other works, he is known best for Divine Comedy .

Geoffrey Chaucer

first important poet of his time to write in English. At various times during his life he worked as a copywriter, member of Parliament, and justice of the peace. His keen observations of many different types of people was reflected in his famous work, Canterbury Tales .

Christopher Marlow

His greatest work is called Dr. Faustus,in the book it talks about how he sells his soul to the devil for 24 years of unlimited power. characters pursuit of boundless knowledge,individual power and the rejection of medieval education in favor of forbidden learning.

Ben Jonson

English Poet and playwright, a Dramatist, best known for comedy and also best known for satirical plays. Known as second most important Dramatist after William Shakespeare. Every Man in His Humor

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet, was the most important figure in Spanish literature. His novel Don Quixote is his most well-known work.

John Donne

“Holy Sonnet 10: Death, be not proud” He was greatly praised, especially being a metaphysical poet.
Emphasizes individual human success, Known for using conceit

Filippo Brunelleschi

Italian architect, designer, goldsmith, and sculptor
Founding father of Renaissance architecture,From Florence, Italy, Influenced by ancient Rome, the dome

Titian

Tiziano Vecellio 1488–1576
grew up in Pieve di Cadore, the assumption of the virgin

Donatello

Used Stone, Bronze, Wood, and Clay for his sculptures. St George. sculptures show humanism by expressing emotion, vulnerability, fear, and confidence.

El Greco

lived in Italy because of his Greek descent. He decided to go to Venice to study under Titian who was one of the greatest painters of the day. The Burial of the Count of Orgaz

Jan and Hubert VanEyck

Painters from the Netherlands (Brothers)

Pieter Brueghel

artist, printer, and draftsman born in Breda. He specialized in genre paintings. He was a part of the Renaissance and was a humanist. Tower of Babel

Hans Holbein

A German-Swiss painter that was born 1497 in Augsburg, Germany, and died in 1543. The Ambassadors

Hieronymus Bosch

Dutch painter born in the netherlands in 1450. He was known for painting unusual religious themes, Garden of Earthly Delights

Humanism

an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

Humanities

study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome

Francesco Petrarch

Renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar. He assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts gathered from monasteries and churches

Vernacular

everyday language of ordinary people

Florence

a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance

Patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Perspective

artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian artist considered the ideal Renaissance man due to his varied talents.His sketches for flying machines and undersea boats resembled the later inventions of airplanes and submarines

Michelangelo

Italian painter also known for his sculpture, engineering, architecture, and poems. His famous marble statue, David , shows the influence of ancient Greek traditions on Renaissance artists.

Raphael

Renaissance painter who blended Christian and classical styles. His famous paintings include one of the Madonna, the mother of Jesus, and School of Athens , showing an imaginary gathering of great thinkers, scientists, and artists including Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself.

Niccolo Machiavelli

He was a Renaissance political philosopher, statesman, and writer. His most famous work was a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power. The Prince was realistic about political power.

Flanders

a region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; was an important industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Albrecht Durer

A painter, draftsman, and writer, his greatest artistic impact was in engraving. He traveled to Italy, studied the Italian masters, and helped spread Renaissance ideas to northern Europe. Many of his famous works, such as The Apocalypse , and Adam and Eve , had religious themes.

Engraving

art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints

Erasmus

Dutch priest, writer, and scholar who promoted humanism. He wrote texts on various subjects and produced a new Greek edition of the Christian Bible. He also called for a translation of the Bible into the vernacular, or everyday language, to help spread learning, ideas, and education. He also wanted to reform Church corruption.

Sir Thomas More

He became a lawyer, scholar, writer, and member of British parliament during the reign of Henry VIII. He wrote Utopia , describing an ideal society. The word utopian came to mean idealistic or visionary. In 1521, he was knighted.

Utopian

idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society

William Shakespeare

a famous poet and playwright during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Between 1590 and 1613, he wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world.

Johannes Gutenberg

He became a goldsmith, printer, and publisher. His pioneering invention of a printing press with moveable type changed the world.

Indulgence

in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime

Wittenberg

a city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 Theses

Martin Luther

German monk and theologian who was the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation. Trained to become a lawyer, he changed his path, joined a strict order of Roman Catholic monks, and studied theology. Seeking to reform abuses within the Church, Luther challenged Church teachings with his 95 Theses.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther's reformation efforts. His immense empire included large areas of Europe. A staunch Catholic, he rejected Luther's doctrines. The Protestant upheaval, along with political pressures, led Charles to voluntarily give up his throne. He divided the empire between his son and his brother. Charles entered a Catholic monastery where he remained until his death.

Diet

assembly or legislature

John Calvin

French theologian and lawyer. Influenced by the humanist philosophy of Erasmus, became involved with the Protestant movement while a student at the University of Paris. He later moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he set up a theocracy and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion .

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Geneva

Swiss city-state that became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland

Theocracy

government run by religious leaders

Sect

a subgroup of a major religious group

Henry VIII

second Tudor king of England. Well-educated and athletic, he was initially a favorite of the English people. He lost much of that popularity with his constant involvement in wars. Henry's desire for a male heir was the catalyst for his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of England.

Mary Tudor

first queen to rule England in her own right. The daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was a staunch Catholic who failed to turn back the tide of the Protestant Reformation in England. Her vigorous persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname "Bloody Mary."

Thomas Cranmer

Catholic theologian who strongly supported reform. When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, became England's first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury. He distributed English language Bibles to parish churches and, later, developed the Book of Common Prayer .

Elizabeth

Queen of England upon the death of Queen Mary. Shifting politics made her early years quite hazardous. used her experiences to become a shrewd and powerful monarch. Under her reign, England became an important European power. England prospered both economically, and culturally. Her balanced handling of the English religious conflicts earned her the nickname Good Queen Bess.

Canonize

recognize a person as a saint

Compromise

an agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle ground

Council of Trent

a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church

Ignatius of Loyola

From that time until his death, studied, preached, and did missionary work as founder of the Society of Jesus, an order of religious men who came to be known as Jesuits.

Ghetto

separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who concluded that the sun is the center of the universe around which Earth and the other planets revolve. This contradicted the religious and scientific belief that Earth was the center of the universe. Although he did not suffer immediate challenges from the Church, his most important work did not appear in print until after his death.

Heliocentric

based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who produced the most accurate measurements and locations of the stars before the use of the telescope. His observation that a new star had appeared in an existing constellation challenged the belief that the stars were fixed and forever unchanging.

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer whose discoveries expanded on Copernicus's heliocentric universe. research showed that the planets move in a particular orbit around the sun. His achievements included a correct description of how vision occurs, as well as how a telescope uses light.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician whose discoveries using a telescope supported the heliocentric universe theories of Copernicus. His discoveries challenged established scientific and religious thinking.

Scientific Method

careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

Francis Bacon

English philosopher, statesman, and lawyer. A man of many talents, he promoted rational thought.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. one of the first to abandon traditional methods of thought based on Aristotle's teachings. Instead, he promoted a new science based on observation and experiments. For this, he has been called the father of modern philosophy.

Hypothesis

an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation.

Robert Boyle

An English-Irish philosopher and writer, Boyle focused on chemistry, physics, and natural history. His work with pressurized air led to the development of Boyle's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and the volume of gas. Boyle was one of the founders of the Royal Society of London.

Isaac Newton

An English mathematician and physicist, Newton's three laws of motion form the basic principles of modern physics and led to the formulation of the universal law of gravity. His 1687 book, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Calculus

a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations, developed by Isaac Newton

Gravity

force that pulls objects in Earth's sphere to the center of Earth