AP2 Exam 3 Review - Respiratory, Urinary, and Fluid & Electrolytes

These flashcards cover key concepts from chapters 23, 24, and 25 of the AP2 Exam 3 review, focusing on respiratory, urinary, and fluid & electrolyte systems.

What are the functions of the nose?

The nose functions in air filtration, humidification, warming, and olfaction.

What does the epiglottis do?

The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

How does hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen compare to that of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide?

Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen, and a lower affinity for carbon dioxide.

What is the difference between internal and external respiration?

Internal respiration is gas exchange between blood and tissues, while external respiration is gas exchange between the lungs and environment.

How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Oxygen is primarily carried by hemoglobin; carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions, dissolved in plasma, and bound to hemoglobin.

What is the location and function of the pleura?

The pleura are membranes surrounding the lungs, facilitating movement during respiration.

What organs are found in the conducting zone?

The conducting zone includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

What organs are found in the respiratory zone?

The respiratory zone includes the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles.

What are the imbalances associated with cystic fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis leads to thick mucus production, obstructing airways and causing respiratory infections.

What characterizes COPD?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation due to underlying lung disease.

What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a condition where alveoli are damaged, leading to reduced gas exchange and collapsed air sacs.

What is edema of the respiratory membrane?

Edema of the respiratory membrane is fluid accumulation that impairs gas exchange.

How do oxygen, carbon dioxide, blood pH, and hemoglobin relate?

Increased carbon dioxide lowers blood pH, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

What triggers the need to breathe when holding your breath?

Increased carbon dioxide levels trigger the urge to breathe.

What is the difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure?

Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the lungs; intrapleural pressure is the pressure in the pleural cavity, typically lower.

What is the function of surfactant?

Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse, and is crucial for premature infants.

What is Boyle's Law?

Boyle's Law states that at constant temperature, pressure and volume of gas are inversely related.

What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure?

Dalton's Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases.

What is the normal pO2 at sea level?

The normal pO2 at sea level is approximately 760 mmHg.

What is the function of the larynx?

The larynx houses the vocal cords and plays a key role in phonation.

How does smoking affect the lungs?

Smoking damages lung tissue, leads to chronic inflammation, and increases risk for respiratory diseases.

What are the functions of the kidneys?

The kidneys filter blood, regulate electrolyte balance, control blood pressure, and produce urine.

What are the three regions of the kidney?

The three regions are the cortex, medulla, and pelvis.

What are the three steps of urine formation?

The three steps are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Mainly glucose, amino acids, water, and ions are reabsorbed in the PCT.

What must be present to move substances in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

Hormones, particularly aldosterone and ADH, must be present.

What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?

The JG apparatus regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate.

What are normal and abnormal substances in urine?

Normal substances include urea, creatinine; abnormal substances might include glucose, protein, or blood.

What are the functions of JG cells and macula densa cells?

JG cells secrete renin; macula densa cells sense sodium concentration.

What is GFR and what affects it?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures kidney function and is affected by blood pressure.

How does one make concentrated and dilute urine?

Concentrated urine is made with ADH; dilute urine is made when ADH is absent.

What is the function of renin, aldosterone, and ADH?

Renin activates the angiotensin system; aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption; ADH promotes water reabsorption.

What are the functions of the ureter, urethra, and bladder?

The ureter transports urine; the bladder stores urine; the urethra expels urine from the body.

What is micturition?

Micturition is the process of urination.

What is the difference between male and female urethra?

The male urethra is longer than the female urethra.

What are the effects of aging on the urinary system?

Aging commonly results in decreased kidney function and bladder capacity.

What are renal calculi?

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid mineral and salt deposits in the kidneys, often causing pain.

What types of renal calculi exist and how are they treated?

Types include calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid stones; treatments include hydration, pain management, and sometimes surgery.

What is glomerulonephritis?

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli, which may cause hematuria and proteinuria.

What substances would you expect to see in the urine with glomerulonephritis?

Expected substances include blood, protein, and sometimes casts.