A&P exam 3

if a kidney cannot remove waste from the body what can happen

concentrations can rise to toxic levels and the animal can die

diuresis

if body needs to get rid of water

more urine formed

oliguria

body needs to save water

less urine formed

anuria

no urine

ADH

promotes water reabsorption and prevents loss

if AHD is absent - ___ is present

polyuria

aldosterone

regulation of K concentration

____ responsible for reabsorption of Ca and excretion of P

kidneys

______ secreted in response to low Ca levels in the body. makes tubules hold onto Ca

PTH

nephron

basic functional unit

remove waste products before they build to toxic levels

renal corpuscle

filters blood in 1st stage of urine production

glomerular filtrate

fluid filtered out of blood in first stage of urine production

proximal convoluted tubule

continuation of bowman’s capsule

reabsorb and secrete

glomerular filtrate called ______ in the proximal convoluted tubule

tubular filtrate

loop of henle

reabsorption (from proximal convoluted tubule)

descending limb (loop of henle) is highly permeable to

water

ascending limb (loop of henle) reabsorbs

salt

distal convoluted tubule

regulation of potassium and acid/base balance

primary site of action

____% of blood pumped from heart goes to kidney

25

afferent glomerular arterioles

carry blood into glomerular capillaries of the renal corpuscle

glomerular capillaries

continuation of afferent arterioles, filter some plasma out of blood and into bowman’s capsule

efferent glomerular arterioles

oxygen transfer to cells of nephron

peritubular capillaries

form venules that in turn form larger veins that become renal vein

renal vein

leaves kidney at hilus and joins abdominal portion of caudal VC

urinalysis

lab exam and eval of a urine sample

ureters enter bladder at

an angle

why do the ureters enter bladder at an angle

so when the bladder is full, the opening of the ureter collapses

_____ is the main site for blockage in urethra

os penis

meiosis

produces reproductive cells

meiosis I

diploid

meiosis II

haploid

haploid

half the number of DNA the animal needs to survive come together to form diploid

diploid

total # of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell

spermatogenesis takes place in the

seminiferous tubules

spermatocytes are divided into secondary spermatocytes that divide into

spermatids

gubernaculum

causes testicles to be pulled from their original position down into scrotum

cremaster muscle

adjusts the testicles position in relation to the body depending on temp

vas deferens

carry sperm from epididymis to urethra

head of epididymis

where spermatozoa enter

body of epididymis

main portion on side of testis

tail of epididymis

connects to vas deferens

epididymis

storage site for spermatozoa

where they are prepared for ejaculation

____ do not have ampulla

boars

_____ penis engorge

dog

sigmoid flexure

bull, ram, boar

non-erect penis normally bent into s-shape

seminal vesicles

enter pelvic urethra at same area as VD

present in all domestic animals except dog and cat

prostate gland

surrounds urethra

present in all domestic animals

what is the only accessory organ in the dog

prostate gland

bulbourethral gland

secretes mucinous fluid just before ejaculation that cleans and lubricates urethra

site of fertilization

oviducts

site of implantation

uterus

during estrus and parturition the cervix is

open

vestibule

entrance into vagina

clitoris

equivalent to penis in male

labia

external boundary of the vulva

polyestrous

cycle continuously through the year

pig and cattle

seasonal polyestrous

cycle continuously at certain times of the year

horses, sheep, cattle

diestrous

2 cycles per year

dog

monoestrus

one cycle per year

foxes

proestrus

follicles begin developing and growing

estrogen increased

lining thickens

estrus “heat”

sexual receptivity to male

estrogen levels at peak

ovulation at end

metestrus

after ovulation

CL develops

progesterone

prepare for implantation

diestrus

CL reached max size

anestrus

temporary ovarian inactivity

seen in poly, di, and mono

pseudopregnancy

exaggerated diestrus

revolve spontaneously

stallion and boar deposit semen into the

uterus

copulation

female allows breeding during heat phase

gestation

time from fertilization of ovum to delivery of newborn

1st trimester

embryonic period - placenta develops

2nd trimester

fetal period - body tissues, organs, and systems develop

3rd trimester

fetal growth period

parturition

birth process - want diver position

progesterone level declines

increased level of glucocorticoid stimulates PGF2a

oxytocin released

triggers of parturition

size and weight of uterus

hormonal changes

gestation length:

cat =

dog =

63 days

63 days

gestation length:

cow =

horse =

pig =

280 days

336 days

115 days

gestation length:

sheep =

goat =

151 days

151 days

1st stage of labor

cervix dilates opening birth canal

myometrium contracts

2nd stage of labor

kittens delivered

uterine and abdominal contractions

3rd stage of labor

placenta delivered

amnion

surrounds fetus

forms amniotic sac

allantois

surrounds amniotic sac

forming allantoic sac

chorion

covers allantois

attaches to lining of uterus

linked to fetus by umbilical cord

diffuse attachments

over whole surface of placenta

mare and sow

cotyledonary attachments

many small, separate attachment sites

cattle

site on surface of placental surface

cotyledon

site on surface of uterine lining

caruncle

placentome

cotyledon and caruncle as a whole

zonary attachments

belt shaped attachment that encircles the placenta

cat

discoid attachment

placenta and uterus attach at a single disk shpaed area

primates, rabbits, rats

involution

when uterus gradually returns to non-pregnant size

cleavage

number of cells making up zygote is increasing but overall size stays the same

capacitation

changes spermatozoa undergo in F repro tract

causes release of enzymes that are sealed in acrosome of sperm

medial suspensory ligament

passes between L and R halves of udder

lateral suspensory ligaments

passes down and around lateral sides of each half of udder

colostrum

pre-milk secretion

important nutrients

endocrine

dumps hormones directly into blood w/o going through a duct

exocrine

secretes substances to the outside through a duct

(pancreas)

alpha cells

produce glucagon

(pancreas)

beta cells

produce insulin

(pancreas)

delta cells

produce somatostatin