Age

Cheshire

it is becoming recognised that adult language, as well as child’s language, develops in response to important life evets that affect the social relations and social attitudes of individuals.

Ives - Yorkshire

63 teens were asked whether they speak differently depending on their age. 100% replied yes

Ives - Bradford

sociolects in secondary schools amongst teenagers and how they use Punjabi to code-switch and converge with Pakistani friends.

Eckert

1998 - different types of age. chronological, biological, and social.

chronological age

number of years since birth

biological age

physical maturity

social age

linked to life events

teenspeak

irregular turn-taking, overlaps, indistinct articulation, word shortenings, teasing and name calling, verbal duelling, slang, taboo

Vivian de Klerk

young people have the freedom to challenge linguistic norms, as they seek to establish new identities. the patterns of speech previously modelled on the speech of adults are “slowly eroded by the patterns of speech” by their peer group.