Elizabeth - history

Who was MQS in terms of family?

Elizabeths cousin

What was MQS's religion ?

A catholic

Who was MQS?

Queen of Scotland
Heir to English thrown as Elizabeth had no children

What happened when mqs returned to Scotland?

She was very unpopular as Scotland had become Protestant in her absence

What happened to MQS in 1567

Having been accused of her second husbands murder Mary fled to England

Why was Mary's arrival in England of concern to Protestants?

They where worried she might directly lead or simply inspire a rebellion against Elizabeth.

Why did people not want MQS on the thrown?

The idea she could ever be queen reminded them of the horrors of mary 1st reign.

What happened to Mary when she came to England?

She was moved around England for the next 19 years

What plot causes Mary's executed?

The babbington plot in 1586

What did the babbington plot entail ?

To kill Elizabeth and put Mary on the thrown
Mary agreed to the plot and supported the plan
But it was found out that Mary was involved with the plan and Elizabeth had no choice but to put her on trial.

When was Mary put on trial?

1586 October

When was Mary found guilty and sentenced to death?

25 October

Did Elizabeth want to kill Mary?

No she was reluctant to sighn the death warrant she didn't want to execute a fellow monarch and a cousin.
Death warrant - 1st feb 1987

What where the disadvanted of killing Mary?

- James her son might want revenge
- she was concerned about the reaction of the catholic powers
- might inspire her enemies

Where was Mary executed ?

Fotheringhay Castle in private

What was the impact of Mary's execution?

- without Mary catholics had no clear alternative monarch James was the new heir
- Mary remained a martyr to her faith
- Elizabeth was seen as a wicked heretic
- no action from France or Spain and James accepted Elizabeth's apology

Who where the Puritans?

Strict protestants who wanted plain clothing and simple services they studied the bible

Who where Presbyterians?

Hard line puritans who questioned Elizabeth's religious settlement and the need for bishops

What are prophesyings?

Popular meetings held by Presbyterians to discuss the bible
1570's

Who was Edmund grindal?

Archbishop of Canterbury who encouraged prophesyings
He was suspended as a result by the queen

Who was John Field?

In 1580 he was banned from preaching he was a prominent and very strict Protestant

Who where Henry Barrow and John Greenwood?

The leaders of a new separatists church founded in London 1593 were hanged

Who where the powerful puritans?

Sir Francis Walsingham
Robert Dudley
Peter wentoworth
Anthony Cope

What occurred to cause Elizabeth to crack down on Puritanism?

When Grindal died in 1583, Elizabeth replaced him as Archbishop with John Whitgift, who took a tough stance against puritans. With this key appointment and the deaths of Dudley in 1588 and Walsingham in 1590.

What where the measures put in place against puritans?

- whitgift banned unlicensed preaching and forcing church attendance with recusancy fines.
- a new high commission with the power to fine and imprison Puritans who refused to follow the rules.
- the dismissal or imprisonment of hundreds of clergymen
- the punishment or printers for spreading the puritans message.
- a crackdown on high profile puritans like Anthony cope who was imprisoned in the tower of london

Why did the influence of Puritanism decline after 1590?

The cofe had brought stability to religion and people didn't want to loose it
The death of powerful puritans removed its influence in court
Whitgifts crackdown broke the organisation
Death of John Field in 1588 as he was an important leader

When was Mary executed?

8th February 1587

How long did Queen Elizabeth rule?

1558-1603

Who is Elizabeths mother and father?

mother - Ann Boleyn
Father - Henry VIII

Who was Elizabeths half sister?
How long did she rule and who was her relations?

Mary I
She ruled before Elizabeth because the was older
She ruled for 5 years before dying
Her mother was Catherine Seymour and her dad Henry VIII

Who was Elizabeths half brother?
How long did he rule and who was his relations?

Edwards VI
He was elizabeths younger brother but because he was male he ruled first
He ruled for 6 years
His mother was Jane Seymour

Who had the power in Elizabethan England?

Although being queen gave her power she could not do as she pleased.
Her government had a clear structure of advisors and other powerful features, most of the power was held by a few key trusted individuals in her court.
Many but not all of these were privy councillors.

What was patronage?

an important way of ensuring loyalty from courtiers. Elizabeth would award titles, land, money monopolies and other powerful positions and money-making opportunities in exchange for obedience and support.

Who was the royal court?

the court was made up of all the officials, servants and advisors that surrounded Elizabeth. As well as the privy council.

What happened in the royal court?

the centre of power, but also the source of the latest trends and fashions.

What made up the Government?

was made up of the queen and her closest advisors, usually privy council members, by always men whom she trusted.

Who were the Lord Lieutenants?

- appointed by queen
- responsible for running a particular area of the country

Who were the Parliament?

- They were made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons
- had influence over tax and responsible for passing laws

Who were the Justices of the Peace?

- several in every country
- responsible for maintaining laws and orders

Who and what was the privy council?

- responsible for day to day running of the country
- although she could technically appoint who she wishes in reality she had to appoint the most powerful landowners in the country.

Who led the Privy council?

Secretary of State

Who is William Cecil and Francis Walsingham?

two significant figures that acted as secretary of state and had huge influence over Elizabeth.

When did Elizabeth come to the thrown and how old was she?

1558
25 years old

Why was succession an issue for Elizabeth?

Elizabeth was the last living child of Henry V111 and having no children means that she has no direct heir to the English thrown

How was foreign policy an issue for Elizabeth?

Catholic countries like France and Spain wanted influence over England and had the support of the pope, the threat of invasion was real.

How was religion an issue for Elizabeth?

Elizabeth was Protestant in a catholic country
Many catholics where

Why was Mary Queen of Scots a threat to Elizabeth?

She was next in line to the thrown
Many catholics saw her as an alternative queen of England and this made her a serious threat.

What was taxation an issue for Elizabeth?

- the country was short of money and needed to raise taxes
- but poverty was widespread and raising taxes would be very unpopular.

Why was marriage important in Elizabethan England?

- it was a way of cementing alliances with foreign countries
- necessary for her to produce an heir and stop Mary queen of Scot's

What were the arguments against marriage in Elizabethan times?

Loss of authority - if she doesn't marry England keeps its independence
Giving birth was risky for a mother
Her experience of marriage had been bad - after her mother was beheaded by her own father

Who was Francis, Duke of Anjou?

- French kings brother and heir to the thrown
- by the time marriage was proposed Elizabeth was beyond having children and a childless marriage could result in England falling under French control
- he was catholic and many important figures in Elizabeth court was against the marriage
- potential suitor

Who was King Phillip 11 of Spain?

- suitor
- one of the wealthiest/most powerful men in the world
- had been married to Elizabeth's sister
- he was catholic

Who was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicestershire?

- a childhood friend of the queen and a favourite of hers throughout her reign
- many assumed they were in love
- a key figure in the royal court and a member of the privy council
- when his wife dies, he was free to marry Elizabeth, but the scandal surrounding her death meant this was almost impossible

What was Elizabeth's relationship with parliament like?

It was by far the most challenging relationship that Elizabeth had
All key issues of her reign was debated in parliament

Who was Parliament made up of?

- made up of House of Lords and House of Common

What was the role of Parliament?

Role was to discuss issues and advise the queen
Responsible for passing law

What involvement did parliament have in Elizabeth's marriage and succession?

Many in parliament saw it as their duty to find Elizabeth a husband
By 1566 they began to talk about it openly and Elizabeth banned them from talking about it

What Indluence did parliament have on Elizabeth's religion?

The majority of those in both Houses of Parliament were Protestants and supported Elizabeth's religious settlement
They supported her when she wanted to place laws that made life hard for the catholics
However some puritans in parliament tried unsuccessfully to introduce new laws to change the Church of England.

What was the giving of monopolies?

An important way for Elizabeth to maintain the loyalty of powerful men in England

Who was Robert Bell?

In 1571 he criticised the monopolies as unfair and called for change

How did Elizabeth manage poverty?

She made it clear she was in charge by using her words and actions, such as arresting MP's who went too far.
She had the ability to dismiss parliament when she wished and could also appoint new members

When was Essex's rebellion?

1601 February

Who was Essex ( background )?

- loyal member of the privy council
- awarded monopoly on sweet wine
- had a rivalry with Robert Cecil

What event did Essex lead that pleased the queen?

He successfully attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz

What was the first cause of Essex's rebellion?

Soon after his victory against the Spanish he became involved in an argument with the queen and was placed under house arrest

Why was Essex sent to Ireland?

To deal with a rebellion

What did Essex do in Ireland?

He failed to defeat the rebels but argued a truce with them - directly again the queens orders

What event occurred when Essex rushed back from Ireland?

He rushed into the queens chambers and caught her without her wig

What was the result of Essex's events in Ireland?

Essex fell quickly from Elizabeth's favour, she refused to renew bus monopoly of wine and he lost much of his wealth and influence
Angry - he began to gather supporters and plot a rebellion against the queen

What were the events of Essex rebellion?

He took four privy council hostage and marched them to his house along with 200 supporters

Why did Essex's rebellion fail?

Robert Cecil, responded by labelling him a traitor, many of Essex's supporters left, while others panicked and released the hostages without his permission

What become of Essex after his rebellion failed?

Him and his remaining followers were arrested
He was put on trial for treason and was sentenced to death

What where the affect of Essex rebellion on queen Elizabeth?

She had made it clear, that she wouldn't tolerate changes to her authority

What was the great chain of being?

Everything in the universe had its place in a rigid hierarchy
God
Queen Elizabeth
Nobility
Gentry
Peasantry
Animals and plants

Before Elizabeth's reign how was most wealth held?

By the nobility

In Elizabethan England what was the new way to make money?

By trade

What was a way for the gentry and the nobility could show of their wealth and privilege?

By building lavish country homes

What features made up a lavish country home?

- to display refined taste
- symmetrical with open courtyards
- Expensive glass windows
- a great chamber ( to entertain guests )
- number of rooms increased to show separation between owner and servants
- elaborate geometric plasterwork to reflect latest fashion trends

Who owned Hardwick Hall?

Bess of hardwick

When was Hardwick Hall built?

1590-1597

Why was Hardwick Hall built?

It was one of the grandest houses in Elizabethan England and a way to demonstrate her wealth and position in society

What playwrites where popular?

Shakespeare - produced new works every year, including comedies, histories and tragedies

What gender where the actors?

Male
With boys playing female roles

What actors where popular?

Popular actors such as Richard Burbage became famous and would return to roles many times or have parts specifically written for them.

Who performed theatre works?

Theatre groups such as the Lord Chamberlins men

Who were patrons?

Expletive who provided funding to theatre troupes
Being a patron was a good way to impress the queen as she was very fond of theatre

What difference occurred in theatre?

- the building of the first permenant theatre
- both rich and poor attended performances

What was the gallleries in a theatre?

Seated, covered areas for the rich

What was the gentleman's rooms in the theatre?

Balconies on either side, seats at around 4p

What was the lords room in the theatre?

Most expensive seats
Sometimes used by actors and musicians during performance

What was the pit in the theatre?

Where the ordinary people stood to watch, completely open to weather.

When did performances begin at the theatre?

3 Pm and continue into the evening

Why was theatre so popular ?

1. It was affordable.
2. It was new and exciting.
3. It was a social event.
4. It was entertaining - plays were humourous, tragic or historical.
5. It was contemporary and relevant to the time - many plays carried political messages.

What was the opposition to the theatre?

- puritans saw it as a distraction from prayer
- some saw it as sinful
- drunnkness, crime, and other immoral behaviour
- large gatherings may spread disease

What is the Elizabeth era often regarded as?

The golden age

How did art change during the golden age?

Portraits including detailed miniature ones became very popular and often contained symbolism
Decorative silverware and textiles became important signs of wealth and culture in homes of the rich

What did the golden age do to science and technology?

Significant breakthroughs in navigation, astronomy and a growing understanding of magnetism.
Improves printing - presses allowed new ideas to spread quickly

How did the golden age influence education?

Seen as increasingly important
Wealthy boys and some girls received a new education but the poor didn't.

How did the golden age influence literature?

Many great plays were written during Elizabeth's reign and are still performed today.
Poetry was very popular many nobels wrote poetry and some wrote sonnets

What affect did the golden age have on buildings?

- many great stately homes were built during this period
- for the first time, houses weee not built with defence in mind