Semester 2 Review

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels produced

Marxism and the Communist Manifesto

Factory System

Instead of the “putting out system” involving each step of production taking place at a different location, the factory system took place all in one factory.

Urbanization

Movement of people into the cities

Consequence of the cotton gin

Due to more production of cotton, there was an increased '“need” for slaves (you never need slaves)

Steam engine allowed

society to go from agricultural to industrial by powering machines

Reasons for the Industrial Revolution to start in Britain

Enclosure movement (enclosing farmland), urbanization (movement into cities), Capital, Entreprenuers, natural resources, colonies

Socialism

The idea that government should take over production of factories and utilities

Results of Union and Reform Acts

Decreased working hours for women and children

Effects of the Bessemer Process on railroads

Made steel which is stronger than iron and better for railroads

2nd Industrial Revolution consisted of

Steel, chemicals, electricty, petroleum

Imperialism

Government by which a country gains power an wealth by extending rule to foreign countries or colonies

Scramble for Africa

A periord of time when all of Africa (minus Liberia and Ethiopia) were controlled by European countries

Opium War

After trading with Britain, many in China became addicted to Opium and after British men killed a Chinese man but did not go to Chinese court, a war started between the countries

Treaty of Nanjing

Ended the Opium War, Gave Hong Kong, ports, money, and rights to the British

Boxer Rebellion

The “boxers” (people who thought they were invincible) joined forces with the conservative leaders of China to rebel against foreigners and Christians

Miltarism

Glorfying war and the military ex: arms race between Britain and Germany

Alliances

Countries being “friends” or helping each in peace or wartime

Powder Keg of Europe

Balkan region

Schleffen Plan

Germany went through Belgium (Rape of Belgium) to attack France since few troops were there

Responsibilty of U-Boats

To sink any allied ship (including Lusitania)

Declarations of war

1st. Austria-Hungary against Serbia 2nd. Russia defends Serbia 3rd. Germany on Russia 4th. France on Germany 5th. Britain on Germany 6th. (and a few years later) U.S. on Germany

Country that switched sides

Italy

No Man’s Land

Between trenches, covered in bodies, artillery, bullets, and wire

Eastern and Western Fronts

Eastern front moved often while the Western front was a constant stalemate

Reason for trench warfare

Defense and transportation (kept it a stale mate for 4 years)

Propagnada

Used to justify war, raise money, and recruited men

Why was the U.S. orginally neutral

Not part of Europe, war is expensive, had loyalties on both sides of the war

Total War

complete mobilization of resources and people

Wilson’s fourteen points created

League of Nations

Causes of WWI

Miliarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination

France added

the “war guilt clause” on Germany

Geneva Convention

Discussed treatment of wounded soldiers (Conventions in 1864, 1906, and 1949)

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia

Country not in League of Nations

United States

Causes of the Great Depression

Unequal disribution of wealth, war debts, over production, stock market crash, unemployment

Causes of hyperinflation in Germany

Printed too much money and lowered the value

Causes of Stock Market Crash

Overpriced stocks due to speculation, fraud, margin buying

Dawes Plan

U.S. gave $200 million to Germany as a loan for war debts, invested in Europe, and returened the Ruhr Valley to Europe

Totalitarian State

Government run by 1 leader that controls everything (businesses, farming, etc.)

Five Year Plan Responsible for

industrialization of Russia and Stalin’s purges

Fascism

Glorifying the state above the individual, and gives power to the government ex: Mussolini’s Italy and Hitler’s Germany

Hitler’s Mein Kampf

His basic ideals, which he wrote about while in jail after the Beer Hall Pustch

Lebensraum

“living space” belief that countries are superior with more living space

Weimer Republic

Democratic government post WWI, led by president Hindenburg

Hitler’s Brownshirts

Para militia that attacked opposition and help Hitler get elected

Nuremburg Laws

Laws made against Jewish people. Includes anti-semitic laws that prevented Jews from citizenship, marrying a German citizen, and required all Jews to have a special ID and wear the Star of David

Gestapo

German secret police

Kristallnacht

“Night of Broken Glass” attack on synagogues and business owned by Jewish people. 300,000 men sent to concetration camps

Enabling Act

Gave Hitler legal power over Germany. Basically allowed him to becomes dictator througha democratic process

Five Year Plan’s Key to Success

Collectivization

Annexation of the Sudetenland

Allowed after the Munich conference. Hitler promised to only annex it, but then later annexed all of Czechoslovakia

Nazi-Sovet Nonaggression Pact

USSR and Germany decided to not attack each other but instead both invade Poland

Appeasement

Giving someone what thye want in order to avoid conflict

Axis Powers

Japan, Germany, Italy

Maginot Line

French line of defense against the German border

Big Three Leaders

Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill

Blitzkrieg

“lightning war” Quick way of attacking, used by Germany of Poland and Britain

Radar uses

Allowed Britain to see Luftwaffe before they attacked

Operation Barbarossa

German invasion of USSR, failed for multiple reasons

Phony War

German troops were set up for an attack on France, but didn’t do anything since the main objective was Norway and Denmark

Why Norway and Denmark?

To protect trade routes for Swedish ore

Rhineland controversy of 1936

Hitler went against the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations by occupying the Rhineland, but nothing was done abou it, leading to his later campaigns

Operation Overlord

D-Day. Allied invasion of Europe through the beaches at Normandy

Countries that occupied Germany post WWII

U.S., Britain, France (West Germany+West Berlin) and USSR (East Germany and East Berlin)

Japan’s response to U.S. demands

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Reasons for atomic bomb

1.) to end the war before Truman’s term 2.) end war quickly 3.) Show off power to USSR

September 2, 1945

V-J Day. The day Japan surrendered and signed a treaty on the USS Missouri

Nuremburg and Japanese War Crime Trials

Put those on trial who were accused of crimes against humanity

Atomic bomb code name

Manhattan Project

Result of WWII for U.S. and USSR

Cold War

What coiuld’ve made Pearl Harbor more successful for Japan

Better timing when more soldiers and carriers were at port

Why did Roosevelt sign an executive order

To prevent espianoge and sabotage from Japanese-Americans

Island Hopping

Strategy used by U.S. to attack Japanese air bases in the Pacific

Midway’s success came from

Code-breakers finding out about the Japanese amubsh plans

Bataan Death March

The marching of POWs by the Japanese for 70 miles in horrible conditions

Effect on Japanese-Americans (really any Asian-American) after Pearl Harbor

They were sent to internment camps

Russia was communist, but the U.S. was

Capitalist

Reason for the name “Cold War”

It was less a war and more attacks on each other and helping allies against the other country

Big three at Yalta

Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill

Marshall Plan

U.S. provided aid and help for Europe so they wouldn’t fall ti communism

What made Congress vote for the Marshall Plan

Czechoslovakia’s fall to commnism

Bi-zonia

“Two-zones” When U.S. and Britain combined their sections of Berlin

Reason an length of Berlin Blockade

West Berlin introduced a new currency to boost the economy so the blockade tried (and failed) to choke it out. Lasted 318 days.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Domino Theory

If one country fell to communism, they all would

Clash of ideologies

When two belief systems fight each other

Reason for Cuban sugar ban

Castro nationalized all businesses in Cuba, including American ones

Resolution of Cuban Missile Crisis

Kruschev took down Cuban missiles while Kennedy ended the blockade and took down missiles in Turkey

Communist leader in North Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh

Type of warfare used in Vietnam

Guerilla

TET Offensive

Vietcong took several towns in South Vietnam but lost many soldiers and officers

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

US and USSR couldn’t share nuclear weapons with other countries

SALT 1 Treaty agreed to

limit anti-ballistic weapons

Russia invade who in 1979

Afghanistan, it did not help with US relations

How did Star Wars win the arms race

Russia couldn’t afford it

Détente

Achievements between US and USSR

European Union’s first goal

Peace and stability

Brezhnev Doctrine

A threat to ny soviet country was a threat to all of them

Perestroika

Competition

Watergate

The RNC (mainly Nixon) spying on DNC member’s room in the Watergate hotel to try and ensure Nixon’s victory in reelection. After finding connections to him, he resigned as president